Shortest path bridging (SPB) multi area

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product aspects for multiple instance Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS or ISIS) for a multi-area fabric. A network area in a multi-area fabric includes one or more network nodes and a boundary node shared with an other network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area. The boundary node can include a first ISIS instance associated with the network area and a second ISIS instance associated with the other network area. The second ISIS instance can be configured to pass information associated with the other network area to the first ISIS instance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/168,900 filed Feb. 5, 2021, which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/168,943 titled “MAC-Based Redistribution in Multi-Area Networks,”filed Feb. 5, 2021, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/168,909 titled“Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) Multi Area and Virtual SPB Node,” filedFeb. 5, 2021, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/168,954 titled“Multi-Cast Redistribution and Remap for Multi-Area Networks,” filedFeb. 5, 2021, which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

BACKGROUND Field

The described aspects generally relate to multi-area fabric(s). Forexample, some aspects of this disclosure relate to Shortest PathBridging (SPB) multi-area fabric(s). Some aspects of this disclosurerelate to systems and methods for multiple instance Intermediate Systemto Intermediate System (IS-IS or ISIS) for a multi-area fabric. Someaspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods for virtualnode(s). For example, some aspects of this disclosure relate to systemsand methods for generating and/or using virtual node(s) in a multi-areafabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). Some aspects of this disclosurerelate to methods and systems for automatic configuration of boundarynode(s) and/or virtual node(s) in a multi-area fabric (e.g., amulti-area SPB fabric). Some aspects of this disclosure relate tosystems and methods for multiple boundary nodes and discovery in aMulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). Some aspects of thisdisclosure relate to systems and methods for loop prevention in amulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric).

Related Art

SPB currently only allows to build a flat network in a single ISIS area.This puts a practical deployment limitation on the number of nodes thatan SPB network can have. This limitation is due to issues related withgrowing a network size. Many nodes in the SPB network increase the LinkState Database (LSDB) size. Increased LSDB size requires highercomputing resources such as disc space, memory, and processing power.This increased LSDB size creates problems in terms of unreliableconvergence and scaling. The large LSDB size also puts a limitation ofhaving all nodes on the network with higher level of capability since ina link state-based protocol, all nodes in the node maintain the completetopological information. This flat network also creates a problem ofexperiencing network fluctuations throughout the network if there issome change in any part of the network.

SUMMARY

Some aspects of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods forimplementing Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) multi-area. According to someaspects, “Multi Area SPB” realizes building a SPB network with severalsmaller networks in multiple areas connected hierarchically or in anyother topology. In some examples, aspects of this disclosure can avoidhaving a single flat SPB fabric and hence, address the problemsmentioned above (among other problems) and can improve the scalabilityof the SPB fabric. Some aspects of this disclosure can reduce deploymentcost. For example, need appropriate capable nodes can be deployed ineach layer/level of hierarchy or area of the SPB fabric. Additionally,network changes and upgrades can be performed with specific selectednodes with appropriate capability. Additionally, network capacity withineach level of hierarchy or area can be accurately planned. For example,network node(s) and/or area(s) can be incrementally built withoutdisturbing the whole network. With this modular network buildingapproach, testing and design the network becomes easier. Also, since thenetwork is segmented to smaller manageable areas, fault isolation anddebugging becomes less cumbersome and managing the nodes becomes simple.Additionally, the SPB multi-area aspects of this disclosure canimplement a loop free topology, can avoid database explosion, and/or canavoid network churns and massive re-computation for changes in thenetwork.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods formultiple instance Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS orISIS) for a multi-area fabric. A network area in a multi-area fabricincludes one or more network nodes and a boundary node shared with another network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area.The boundary node can include a first Intermediate System toIntermediate System (ISIS) instance associated with the network area anda second ISIS instance associated with the other network area. Thesecond ISIS instance can be configured to pass information associatedwith the other network area to the first ISIS instance.

In some aspects, the network area further includes a first local LinkState Protocol Data Units (PDU) (LSP) and a first remote LSP in a firstLink State Database (LSDB), and the other network area includes a secondlocal LSP and a second remote LSP in a second LSDB.

In some aspects, the first ISIS instance includes information associatedwith the first local LSP and the first remote LSP, and the second ISISinstance includes information associated with the second local LSP andthe second remote LSP.

In some aspects, the boundary node is configured to create the first andsecond ISIS instances by copying a first ISIS code associated with thenetwork area under a first directory, copying a second ISIS codeassociated with the other network area under a second directory,renaming one or more functions associated with the first ISIS code,renaming one or more functions associated with the second ISIS code,renaming one or more variables associated with the first ISIS code,renaming one or more variables associated with the second ISIS code, andinitializing the first and second ISIS instances.

In some aspects, the boundary node is configured to create the first andsecond ISIS instances by generating a first pointer associated with thefirst ISIS instance, generating a second pointer associated with thesecond ISIS instance, moving a first set of one or more non-globalvariables associated with the first ISIS instance to the first pointer,moving a second set of one or more non-global variables associated withthe second ISIS instance to the second pointer, and initializing thefirst and second ISIS instances.

In some aspects, the multi-area fabric includes a Shortest Path Bridging(SPB) multi-area fabric, the network area includes a first SPB fabric,and the other network area includes a second SPB fabric.

In some aspects, the boundary node is shared with a third network areaof the multi-area fabric outside of the network area and the othernetwork area, and the boundary node includes a third ISIS instanceassociated with the third network area.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method for operating aboundary node in a network area in a multi-area fabric. The methodincludes storing a first Intermediate System to Intermediate System(ISIS) instance associated with the network area, where the network areaincludes one or more network nodes. The method further includes storinga second ISIS instance associated with an other network area of themulti-area fabric outside of the network area, where the boundary nodeis shared with the other network area. The second ISIS instance isconfigured to pass information associated with the other network area tothe first ISIS instance.

In some aspects, the method further includes generating the first andsecond ISIS instances. In some aspects, generating the first and secondISIS instances includes copying a first ISIS code associated with thenetwork area under a first directory, copying a second ISIS codeassociated with the other network area under a second directory,renaming one or more functions associated with the first ISIS code, andrenaming one or more functions associated with the second ISIS code. Insome aspects, generating the first and second ISIS instances furtherincludes renaming one or more variables associated with the first ISIScode, renaming one or more variables associated with the second ISIScode, and initializing the first and second ISIS instances.

In some aspects, generating the first and second ISIS instances includesgenerating a first pointer associated with the first ISIS instance andgenerating a second pointer associated with the second ISIS instance. Insome aspects, generating the first and second ISIS instances furtherincludes moving a first set of one or more non-global variablesassociated with the first ISIS instance to the first pointer, moving asecond set of one or more non-global variables associated with thesecond ISIS instance to the second pointer, and initializing the firstand second ISIS instances.

In some aspects, the first ISIS instance includes information associatedwith a first LSP and a first remote LSP in a first LSDB associated withthe network area and the second ISIS instance includes informationassociated with a second local LSP and a second remote LSP in a secondLSDB associated with the other network area.

In some aspects, the method further includes storing a third ISISinstance associated with a third network area of the multi-area fabricoutside of the network area, where the boundary node is shared with thethird network area.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a non-transitorycomputer-readable device having instructions stored thereon. When theinstructions are executed by a boundary node in a network area in amulti-area fabric, the instructions cause the boundary node to performoperations. The operations include storing a first Intermediate Systemto Intermediate System (ISIS) instance associated with the network area,where the network area includes one or more network nodes. Theoperations further include storing a second ISIS instance associatedwith an other network area, where the boundary node is shared with theother network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area.The second ISIS instance is configured to pass information associatedwith the other network area to the first ISIS instance.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to systems and methods forgenerating and/or using virtual node(s) (e.g., virtual SPB node(s)) in amulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). A multi-area networkincludes a first network area including a first set of network nodes.The multi-area network further includes a second network area includinga second set of network nodes, where the second set of network nodes isoutside of the first network area. The multi-area network furtherincludes a virtual node including a logical Intermediate System toIntermediate System (ISIS) node representing at least one of the firstset of network nodes and the second set of network nodes.

In some aspects, the virtual node represents the second set of networknodes of the second network area in the first network area. In someaspects, the multi-area network further includes a second virtual noderepresenting the first set of network nodes of the first network area inthe second network area

In some aspects, the multi-area network further includes a third networkarea including a third set of network nodes. The third set of networknodes is outside of the first network area and the second network areaand the virtual node further represents the third set of network nodesof the third network area in the first network area.

In some aspects, the multi-area network further includes one or moreboundary nodes configured to generate the virtual node, where the one ormore boundary nodes are shared between the first network area and thesecond network area.

In some aspects, the virtual node represents one or more servicesassociated with the at least one of the first set of network nodes andthe second set of network nodes. In some aspects, at least one of thefirst network area and the second network area includes a SPB fabric.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a multi-area network. Themulti-area network includes a first network area including a first setof network nodes. The multi-area network further includes a secondnetwork area including a second set of network nodes, where the secondset of network nodes is outside of the first network area. Themulti-area network further includes a third network area including athird set of network nodes, where the third set of network nodes isoutside of the first network area and the second network area. Themulti-area network also includes a virtual node configured to representthe second set of network nodes of the second network area in the firstnetwork area and to represent the third set of network nodes of thethird network area in the first network area.

In some aspects, the virtual node includes a logical Intermediate Systemto Intermediate System (ISIS) node. In some aspects, the multi-areanetwork further includes a second virtual node representing the firstset of network nodes of the first network area in the second networkarea.

In some aspects, the virtual node represents one or more servicesassociated with the second set of network nodes. In some aspects, thevirtual node represents one or more services associated with the thirdset of network nodes.

In some aspects, at least one of the first network area, the secondnetwork area, and the third network area includes a Shortest PathBridging (SPB) fabric. In some aspects, the virtual node is configuredto connect a first Shortest Path associated with the first network areawith a second Shortest Path associated with the second network area.

In some aspects, the multi-area network further includes one or moreboundary nodes configured to generate the virtual node, where the one ormore boundary nodes are shared between the first network area and thesecond network area. In some aspects, the multi-area network furtherincludes a second virtual node representing the third set of networknodes of the third network area in the first network area.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to methods and systems forautomatic configuration of boundary node(s) and/or virtual node(s) in amulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). According to someaspects, a method includes determining, by a network node, a first areaidentifier (ID) associated with a first area and a second area IDassociated with a second area. The method further includes using, by thenetwork node, the first area ID and the second area ID to configure thenetwork node as a boundary node. The method also includes generating, bythe network node, a virtual node including a logical Intermediate Systemto Intermediate System (ISIS) node and configuring, by the network node,the virtual node based at least on one or more of the first area ID andthe second area ID.

In some aspects, configuring the virtual node includes determining, bythe network node, a nick-name for the virtual node based at least on theone or more of the first area ID and the second area ID and determining,by the network node, a system ID for the virtual node based at least onthe nick-name.

In some aspects, determining the nick-name for the virtual node includesdetermining the nick-name based on the first area ID of the first areathat is represented by the virtual node. In some aspects, determiningthe nick-name for the virtual node includes determining the nick-namefor the virtual node based on a plurality of least significant bits ofthe first area ID.

In some aspects, the first area ID includes a first ISIS area ID, thesecond area ID includes a second ISIS area ID, and the system IDincludes an ISIS system ID.

In some aspects, determining the first area ID and the second area IDincludes deriving the first area ID from a first Type-Length-Value (TLV)from the first area and deriving the second area ID from a second TLVfrom the second area.

In some aspects, the first and second areas are within a multi-areafabric, the configuring the network node as the boundary node includesconfiguring the network node as the boundary node in a SPB fabric, andthe boundary node is shared between the first and second areas of themulti-area fabric.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods formultiple SPB boundary nodes and discovery. Some aspects relate to amethod including receiving, by a first network node of a multi-areafabric, a packet from a second network node and examining, by the firstnetwork node, a Type-Length-Value (TLV) in the packet. The methodfurther includes determining, by the first network node, that the TLVincludes a first area identifier (ID) and a second area ID. The methodfurther includes determining, by the first network node and based atleast on the determining that the TLV includes the first and second IDs,that the second network node is a boundary node shared by a first areaof the multi-area fabric and a second area of the multi-area fabric.

In some aspects, the first area ID is associated with the first area ofthe multi-area fabric and the second area ID is associated with thesecond area of the multi-area fabric.

In some aspects, the method further includes determining, by the firstnetwork node, a first system ID associated with the first network nodeand determining, by the first network node, a second system IDassociated with the second network node.

In some aspects, the method further includes comparing, by the firstnetwork node, the first system ID with the second system anddetermining, by the first network node and based at least on thecomparison, that the second network node is a designated boundary nodeconfigured to generate a virtual node.

In some aspects, the method further includes determining, by the firstnetwork node and based at least on the comparison, that the firstnetwork node is a backup boundary node configured to represent thevirtual node in response to the designated boundary node failing.

In some aspects, determining that the second network node is thedesignated boundary node includes determining, by the first networknode, that the second system ID associated with the second network nodehas a lower value than the first system ID associated with the firstnetwork node.

In some aspects, the first network node is an other boundary node sharedby the first area of the multi-area fabric and the second area of themulti-area fabric, and the packet includes an LSP.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a non-transitorycomputer-readable device having instructions stored thereon. When theinstructions are executed by a first network node of a multi-areafabric, the instructions cause the first network node to performoperations. The operations include receiving a packet from a secondnetwork node and examining a Type-Length-Value (TLV) in the packet. Theoperations further include determining that the TLV includes a firstarea identifier (ID) associated with a first area of the multi-areafabric and a second area ID associated with a second area of themulti-area fabric. The operations also include determining, based atleast on the determining that the TLV includes the first and second IDs,that the second network node is a boundary node shared by the first areaof the multi-area fabric and the second area of the multi-area fabric.

In some aspects, the operations further include determining that thesecond network node is a designated boundary node configured to generatea virtual node by determining that a second system ID associated withthe second network node has a lower value than a first system IDassociated with the first network node. In some aspects, the firstnetwork node is another boundary node shared by the first area of themulti-area fabric and the second area of the multi-area fabric, and thepacket includes an LSP.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods for loopprevention in a multi-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). Forexample, some aspects relate to a method including receiving, by anetwork node, a request to connect a first area of a multi-area fabricto a second area of the multi-area fabric. The method further includesexamining, by the network node, a topological Type-Length-Value (TLV)associated with a virtual node of the first area and determining, by thenetwork node and based at least on the examining the topological TLV,whether the first area and the second area are connected. The methodalso includes, in response to determining that the first area and thesecond area are connected, preventing, by the network node, a loopbetween the first area and the second area.

In some aspects, the method further includes examining, by the networknode, an other topological TLV associated with an other virtual node ofthe second area and determining, by the network node and based at leaston the examining the topological TLV and the other topological TLV,whether the first area and the second area are connected.

In some aspects, the preventing the loop between the first area and thesecond area includes preventing the network node from generating asecond virtual node.

In some aspects, receiving the request to connect the first area and thesecond area includes detecting, by the network node, one or moreconditions to configure the network node as a boundary node.

In some aspects, the topological TLV associated with the virtual node ofthe first area includes an area identifier (ID) of a third area, and thevirtual node is configured to represent the third area in the firstarea. In some aspects, the topological TLV associated with the virtualnode of the first area further includes a neighbor area ID of a fourtharea that is a neighbor of the third area.

In some aspects, determining whether the first area and the second areaare connected includes determining that the first area is connected tothe third area, determining that the third area is connected to thefourth area, and determining that the fourth area is connected to thesecond area. In some aspects, the first area is connected to the thirdarea by sharing a boundary node.

This Summary is provided merely for purposes of illustrating someembodiments to provide an understanding of the subject matter describedherein. Accordingly, the above-described features are merely examplesand should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subjectmatter in this disclosure. Other features, aspects, and advantages ofthis disclosure will become apparent from the following DetailedDescription, Figures, and Claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are incorporated herein and form a part of thespecification.

FIGS. 1A-1E illustrate exemplary multi-area Shortest Path Bridging (SPB)topologies, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates another exemplary multi-area SPB topology, accordingto some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a flowchart illustrating example operations for implementinga cloning method for creating multiple instances of an ISIS database,according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a flowchart illustrating example operations for implementinga data structure based method for creating multiple instances of an ISISdatabase, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary multi-area fabric using a virtual node,according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary multi-area fabric using a plurality ofvirtual nodes, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary hub view in a multi-area fabric having aplurality of virtual nodes, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPB fabric automaticallyconfiguring boundary node(s) and/or virtual nodes, according to someaspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating example operations for implementing amethod for automatically configuring a boundary node and/or a virtualnode in a multi-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric), accordingto some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPB fabric for determiningthe boundary nodes between areas and determining which boundary node isthe designated node, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating example operations for implementing amethod for automatically determining the boundary nodes between areasand determining which boundary node is the designated node, according tosome aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPB fabric for detectingand/or preventing a loop, according to some aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating example operations for implementinga method for detecting and/or preventing a loop in a multi-area fabric,according to some aspects of the disclosure

FIG. 12 is an example computer system useful for implementing variousembodiments.

The present disclosure is described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. In the drawings, generally, like reference numbers indicateidentical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, generally, theleft-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in whichthe reference number first appears.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are system, apparatus, device, method and/or computerprogram product embodiments, and/or combinations and sub-combinationsthereof, for providing functionality for implementing SPB multi-areafabric.

An ISIS protocol has the provision to define multiple areas, which canbe joined together in a strict hierarchical topology. The area definedby the ISIS protocol is either defined as Level 1 (L1) or Level 2 (L2).Traffic between L1 areas must traverse the L2 area. In other words, anycommunication between a node of a first L1 area and the node of a secondL1 area has to traverse the L2 area. L2 area is, therefore, the backbonearea that connects all L1 areas. With two levels, only two layers ofhierarchy is possible. This ISIS protocol is limited to two levels andputs constraints on the topology of networks and how the networks can beconnected. Even if some variations of the ISIS protocol can defineadditional levels to increase the level of hierarchy, these variationsstill suffer from the restriction of having to construct the network ina strict hierarchy and having traffic between nodes in different areasat the same level to move up the level and down again.

In contrast to the ISIS protocol discussed above, some aspects of thisdisclosure are directed to architectures and methods to combine multipledomains (e.g., SPB domains) without the restriction of going through aparticular domain (e.g., a particular SPB domain). For example, someaspects of this disclosure use multiple instances on a node to achievean ISIS hierarchy or any flexible topology, without the need to have abackbone. In turn, these aspects of the disclosure provide optimalflexibility to construct the network.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to a SPB fabric (andmethods of creating the SPB fabric) with multiple smaller SPB fabrics.In some examples, each one of the multiple smaller SPB fabrics caninclude its own network area (e.g., ISIS area) and can use multiple ISISinstances. According to some aspects, a multi-area SPB fabric/network isa SPB network with smaller networks in multiple areas connectedhierarchically or in any loop free flexible topology. As mentionedabove, the multi-area SPB can avoid having a single flat SPB fabric,which has limited scalability due to computing, memory, and performanceconstraints.

In the multi-area SPB architecture, a boundary node can interconnectwith multiple ISIS areas. In some examples, each ISIS area has its ownlocal and remote Link State Protocol Data Units (PDUs) (LSPs) in theLSDB and Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) (although, a physical portmight support logical NNI interface for both the ISIS areas). To keepinformation about each ISIS area separate, a separate ISIS instance canbe created that passes information between ISIS areas. In some examples,each ISIS instance includes information associated with itscorresponding local LSP and remote LSP. Additionally, or alternatively,the ISIS instances in the boundary node can communicate with (e.g., passto) each other information associated with their corresponding ISISarea.

FIGS. 1A-1E illustrate exemplary multi-area SPB topologies, according tosome aspects of the disclosure. As illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E, a SPBnetwork is segmented into multiple areas and these areas are connectedhierarchically or in any loop free flexible topology. Each area in themulti-area SPB fabric can be self-contained such that network changes inone area is not visible in other areas. FIGS. 1A-1E illustrate someexemplary methods for connecting multiple areas in the multi-area SPBfabric. However, the aspects of this disclosure are not limited to theseexamples, and the multi-area SPB fabric of this disclosure can includeother topologies.

According to some aspects, an area of the multi-area SPB fabric caninclude one or more boundary nodes. In some examples, an area of themulti-area SPB fabric can include only one or more boundary nodes (e.g.,no interior nodes). In some examples, an area of the multi-area SPBfabric can include one or more interior nodes and one or more boundarynodes. In some examples, a boundary node can have the functionalities ofan interior node. In some examples, a boundary node can connect two ormore areas in the multi-area SPB fabric, and can run two or moreseparate ISIS instances (and/or SPB instances), one for each area theboundary node is part of. Although some aspects of this disclosure arediscussed with respect to boundary nodes that connect two areas, theaspects of this disclosure are not limited to two areas and the boundarynodes can connect any number of areas and can run ISIS instances (and/orSPB instances) for each area that they are part of.

FIG. 1A illustrates one example Hub-and-Spoke Topology 100 for themulti-area SPB fabric, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Insome examples, Hub-and-Spoke topology 100 can include areas 101 a, 101b, 101 c, and 101 d. In this exemplary Hub-and-Spoke topology 100, areas101 a, 101 b, and 101 c can be connected through area 101 d, which canbe considered as the hub area. While area 101 d has a hub role from thenetwork design point of view, as far as the multi-area SPB fabric goes,area 101 d is similar to areas 101 a-c. This is also an example of ahierarchical topology, where area 101 d is the backbone area (forexample L2 area in traditional ISIS network) at one level connecting theother areas (for example L1 area in traditional ISIS network), which arein a different level.

FIG. 1A illustrates that areas 101 a-c are spoke areas and area 101 d isa hub area. In this example, two boundary nodes are illustrated thatconnect two areas. For example, boundary nodes 103 a and 105 a connectareas 101 a and 101 d; boundary nodes 103 b and 105 b connect areas 101b and 101 d; and boundary nodes 103 c and 105 c connect areas 101 c and101 d. Although two boundary nodes are illustrated connecting two areas,any number of boundary nodes can be used to connect two or more areas.Also, different areas can have different number of boundary nodes.Additionally, although boundary nodes are shown to connect two areas,the boundary nodes can connect two or more areas.

According to some aspects, boundary nodes of each area have connectivityto the adjacent area. For example, boundary nodes 103 a and 105 a canhave connectivity to areas 101 a and 101 d. In some examples, theseboundary nodes 103 a-c and 105 a-c need not be physically connected, butthey have reachability to each other in both areas (instances) they area part of.

According to some examples, each area can include one or more interiornodes (non-boundary nodes). For example, area 101 a can include interiornode 107 a, area 101 b can include interior node 107 b, and area 101 ccan include interior node 107 c. In some examples, interior nodes(non-boundary nodes) from an area (home area) are not connected to othernodes of other area (out-of-area). For example, interior node 107 a ofarea 101 a is not connected to interior node 107 c of area 101 c.However, in some examples, all areas 101 a-c can reach other areasthrough the hub area 101 d. Although one interior node is illustrated inFIG. 1A for each area, areas 101 a-d can include any number of interiornodes. It is noted that references to home area, out-of-area, and remotearea are not limiting on the aspects of this disclosure and can providea point of view for a network area. For example, for the network area,its area can be considered the home area and the other network area(s)can be considered remote area(s) or out-of-area(s). According to someaspects of this disclosure, each network area can directly connect toone or more other network areas.

According to some examples, a node (such as the interior node or theboundary node) as discussed in this disclosure can include a fabric nodeand/or a network node such as, but not limited to, a connection pointinside and/or at the boundary of a network that can receive, transmit,create, and/or store data and/or other information. Some non-limitingexamples of a node can include computers, routers, gateways, modems,printers, scanners, TVs, smart phones, Internet of Things (IoT) devices,bridges, switches, and the like.

FIG. 1B illustrates one example Daisy Chain Topology 110 for themulti-area SPB fabric, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Insome examples, Daisy Chain Topology 110 can include areas 111 a, 111 b,111 c, and 111 d. In this exemplary Daisy Chain Topology 110, multipleareas 111 a-d can be connected as a daisy chain through their boundarynodes with each area resembling a link of the daisy chain. In thisexample, there is no single hub that connects all the area. In thisexample, Daisy Chain Topology 110 can include interior nodes 117 a-d inareas 111 a-d, respectively. Also, Daisy Chain Topology 110 can includeboundary nodes 113 a-113 c and boundary nodes 115 a-115 c. Although twoboundary nodes are illustrated connecting two areas, any number ofboundary nodes can be used to connect two or more areas. Also, differentareas can have different number of boundary nodes. Additionally,although boundary nodes are shown to connect two areas, the boundarynodes can connect two or more areas. Also, each area can include anynumber of interior nodes similar to or different from other areas.

FIG. 1C illustrates an example multiple Hub-and-Spoke topology 120 forthe multi-area SPB fabric, according to some aspects of the disclosure.In some examples, multiple Hub-and-Spoke topology 120 can include areas121 a-e and areas 121 f-j. In this example, hub areas 121 e and 121 jare similar to hub area 101 d discussed in FIG. 1A. In some examples,areas 121 a-d and 121 f-i can include one or more of Wide Area Networks(WANs), Campus Networks, Campus Area Networks, Corporate Area Networks,Datacenters, or the like.

Multiple Hub-and-Spoke topology 120 can be replicated one or more times.For example, FIG. 1D illustrates another example multiple Hub-and-Spoketopology 130 for the multi-area SPB fabric, according to some aspects ofthe disclosure. In some examples, multiple Hub-and-Spoke topology 130can include areas 131 a-131 e and areas 131 f-131 j. In this example,hub areas 131 e and 131 j are similar to hub area 101 d discussed inFIG. 1A. In some examples, areas 131 a-131 d and 131 f-131 i can includeone or more of Wide Area Networks (WANs), Campus Networks, Campus AreaNetworks, Corporate Area Networks, Datacenters, or the like. In someexamples, multiple Hub-and-Spoke topology 130 can include boundary nodes133 n and 135 n in addition to other boundary nodes.

The multi-area SPB fabric designs discussed herein allow for flexiblenetwork design, allowing customers to group nodes in areas based ontheir needs.

FIG. 1E illustrates an example multiple hierarchy level topology 140 forthe multi-area SPB fabric, according to some aspects of the disclosure.As illustrated in FIG. 1E, the multi-area SPB fabric can include morethan one layer of hierarchy. As a non-limiting example, as illustratedin FIG. 1E, the multi-area SPB fabric can include multiple campusesgrouped around metropolitan area networks, which can be in turn groupedaround wide area networks and so on.

According to some examples, the interior nodes in the areas of themulti-area SPB fabric (for example as illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E) can besimilar nodes running similar codes. For example, these interior nodescan be L1 nodes. In this example, the multi-area SPB fabric can connecttwo or more areas without the hierarchical requirements of having L1nodes (e.g., L1 areas) and L2 nodes (e.g., an L2 area). According tosome examples, one or more network areas can be added to (and/or removedfrom) the multi-area SPB fabric without extensive changes other networkareas. For example, one or more network areas can be added to (and/orremoved from) the multi-area SPB fabric without any changes to theinterior node(s) of each existing area of the multi-area SPB fabric.

According to some aspects, the multi-area SPB fabric (for example asillustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E) can increase overall fabric node counts anddoes not add additional burden on existing fabric nodes. The multi-areaSPB fabric can provide the ability to connect many areas in a networkand can support “chained” architectures and have high (as a non-limitingexample, at least 2×100 Gbps) throughput between areas.

Additionally, or alternatively, the multi-area SPB fabric can providesecurity by providing service security boundaries. The multi-area SPBfabric can also provide redundancy by, for example, supporting at leasttwo boundary nodes for area interconnect, providing sub-secondconvergence when a boundary node fails, and keeping LSDBs per area. Insome examples, one or more of the boundary nodes support Backbone EdgeBridge (BEB) functionality.

In some examples, the multi-area SPB fabric can provide simplicity andre-use by using few commands to configure, for example, two instances ofISIS. The multi-area SPB fabric can provide transparency by, forexample, ISIDs/services numbering remaining network wide, ability tointroduce multi-area without the need to upgrade network, and supportingexisting Fabric Connect features across boundaries. Also, the multi-areaSPB fabric can provide stability by providing a loop prevention methodacross areas.

FIG. 2 illustrates another exemplary multi-area SPB topology, accordingto some aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 2 is illustrated as aHub-and-Spoke Topology Hierarchy similar to multi-area SPB topology ofFIG. 1A. However, the aspects of this disclosure can be applied to othertopologies similar to topologies of FIGS. 1B-1E and/or other topologies

In this exemplary aspect, multi-area SPB fabric 200 includes four areas201 a-201 d, but can include other number of areas. Area 201 a caninclude interior nodes 207 a, 209 a, 211 a and 213 a. Area 201 a canalso include boundary nodes 203 a and 205 a. Area 201 b can includeinterior nodes 207 b, 209 b, 211 b and 213 b. Area 201 b can alsoinclude boundary nodes 203 b and 205 b. Area 201 c can include interiornodes 207 c, 209 c, and 211 c. Area 201 c can also include boundarynodes 203 c and 205 c. Area 201 d can include interior nodes 207 d and209 d. It is noted each of areas 201 a-201 d can include any number ofinterior and boundary nodes.

According to some aspects, and considering areas 201 a and 201 d, eachone of boundary nodes 203 a and 205 a can have two ISIS topologies. Onetopology is for area 201 a and the other topology is for area 201 d. Forall nodes in area 201 a, there is an area topology that is visible tothe nodes, and there is an out-of-area topology that is not visible toany nodes except for boundary nodes 203 a and 205 a. Similar topologyapplies to the nodes in area 201 d.

Looking from the point of view of interior nodes, boundary nodes act asan area gateway to transport services to and from home area for servicescrossing area boundaries. Boundary nodes (e.g., boundary nodes 203 a and205 a) summarize the services from home area (e.g., area 201 a) and sendto other areas (e.g., areas 201 b-d). Boundary nodes (e.g., boundarynodes 203 a and 205 a) summarize services from other areas (e.g., areas201 b-d) and send, for example, the summarized services to home area(e.g., area 201 a). When the traffic for the services cross from homearea (e.g., area 201 a) to another area (e.g., area 201 d), appropriatepacket translation occurs at the boundary nodes (e.g., boundary nodes203 a and 205 a). The summarization and packet translation are done toavoid other areas (e.g., areas 201 b-d) knowing about home area (e.g.,area 201 a) internal topological information and/or vice versa. Forexample, an interior node (e.g., node 207 a of area 201 a) does not needto know about the nodes beyond its home area (e.g., nodes in areas 201b-d). Therefore, multi-area SPB fabric 200 can increase fabric nodecounts and does not add additional burden on existing fabric nodes.Multi-area SPB fabric 200 can provide the ability to connect many areasin a network and can support “chained” architectures and have highthroughput between areas without adding burden on the nodes. Althoughthe hierarchy function description of FIG. 2 uses a Hub-and-Spoketopology for illustration, the same functional description can beapplicable to the other topologies described herein.

According to some asepcts, each of the boundary nodes 203 a-c and 205a-c of FIG. 2 has two different topological databases. One database isfor the home area and the other database is for out-of-area (e.g., hubarea 201 d). In some examples, these databases are ISIS link statedatabases (LSDB). The home area ISIS database is the LSDB of nodes fromthe home area. The out-of-area (e.g., hub area) ISIS LSDB is made up ofnodes from other areas (e.g., hub area 201 d). For example, for boundarynodes 203 a and 205 a of area 201 a, the home area ISIS LSDB is made ofnodes 207 a, 209 a, 211 a, and 213 a as well as boundary nodes 203 a and205 a. The out-of-area (e.g., hub area) ISIS LSDB is made up of interiornodes 207 d and 209 d and boundary nodes 203 a, 205 a, 203 b, 205 b, 203c, and 205 c. These two different and separate ISIS databases are fromtwo different instances of ISIS. Boundary nodes 203 a-c and 205 a-c canperform shortest path (e.g., shortest path first (SPF)) compuation forthe home area using the home area ISIS database and SPF compuation forthe out-of area using the out-of-area ISIS database.

Although in FIG. 2 a boundary node is illustrated to connect two areasand have two different and separate ISIS instances (e.g., ISISdatabases) for the areas (e.g., one separate ISIS instance (e.g., anISIS database) for each area), the aspects of this disclosure are notlimited to these examples. For example, a boundary node can connect morethan two areas and can have more than two different and separate ISISinstances (e.g., ISIS databases) for areas (e.g., one separate ISISinstance (e.g., an ISIS database) for each area). Also, although FIG. 2illustrates the multi-area SPB fabric as a Hub-and-Spoke Topology, theaspects of this disclosure are not limited to this topology and usingmultiple instances of an ISIS database at boundary node(s) can beapplied to other multi-area SPB topologies.

According to some aspects of this disclosure, different designapproaches can be used to create multiple instances of ISIS databases(e.g., home area ISIS database and out-of-area ISIS database). In someexamples, a cloning approach can be used to create the multipleinstances of an ISIS database. Additionally, or alternatively, a datastructure based approach can be used to create the multiple instances ofthe ISIS database.

A non-limiting example of the cloning approach is discussed with respectto FIG. 3A and boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 . Similarmethods can be applied to other boundary nodes. FIG. 3A illustrates anexample method 300 for implementing a cloning method for creatingmultiple instances of an ISIS database, according to some aspects of thedisclosure. As a convenience and not a limitation, FIG. 3A may bedescribed with regard to elements of FIG. 2 . Method 300 may representthe operation of a system (e.g., a boundary node such as boundary node203 a of FIG. 2 ) implementing a cloning method for creating multipleinstances of the ISIS database. Method 300 may also be performed bycomputer system 1200 of FIG. 12 . Method 300 is not limited to thespecific embodiments depicted in those figures, and other systems may beused to perform the method as will be understood by those skilled in theart. It is to be appreciated that not all operations may be needed, andthe operations may not be performed in the same order as shown in FIG.3A.

At 302, an ISIS code is copied under a new directory. For example,boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 can be configured to copy anISIS code associated with an ISIS database of area 201 a (e.g., homearea ISIS database) under a first directory. Additionally, oralternatively, boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 can beconfigured to copy an ISIS code associated with an ISIS database of area201 d (e.g., out-of-area ISIS database) under a second directory.

At 304, one or more functions associated with the ISIS code are renamed.For example, boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 can beconfigured to rename one or more functions associated with the ISISdatabase of area 201 a (e.g., home area ISIS database) that was copiedunder the first directory. Additionally, or alternatively, boundary node203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 can be configured to rename one or morefunctions associated with the ISIS database of area 201 d (e.g.,out-of-area ISIS database) that was copied under the second directory.

At 306, one or more variables associated with the ISIS code are renamed.For example, one or more global variables associated with the ISIS codecan be renamed. For example, boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2can be configured to rename one or more variables (e.g., globalvariables) associated with the ISIS database of area 201 a (e.g., homearea ISIS database) that was copied under the first directory.Additionally, or alternatively, boundary node 203 a of area 201 a ofFIG. 2 can be configured to rename one or more variables (e.g., globalvariables) associated with the ISIS database of area 201 d (e.g.,out-of-area ISIS database) that was copied under the second directory.

At 308, the multiple (e.g., two in this example) instances of the ISISdatabase are initialized and are ready to be used. For example, boundarynode 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 initializes the multiple instances ofthe ISIS database. In some examples, the initialization can include twoinitializations for each copy of the ISIS database. Additionally, oralternatively, method 300 can include Sender Policy Frameworkprocessing. In a non-limiting example, the Sender Policy Frameworkprocessing can include two tasks and/or calling two functions twice in asingle task. Additionally, or alternatively, method 300 can includepacket (e.g., hello/LSP) processing. In a non-limiting example, thepacket processing can include new timers and/or call the timer entryfunctions twice under the existing timers.

Although method 300 of FIG. 3A is discussed with respect to twoinstances of the ISIS database, the aspects of this disclosure are notlimited to this example and method 300 can be applied to multipleinstances of the ISIS database.

A non-limiting example of the data structure based approach is discussedwith respect to FIG. 3B and boundary node 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2. Similar methods can be applied to other boundary nodes. FIG. 3Billustrates an example method 320 for implementing a data structurebased method for creating multiple instances of ISIS database, accordingto some aspects of the disclosure. As a convenience and not alimitation, FIG. 3B may be described with regard to elements of FIG. 2 .Method 320 may represent the operation of a system (e.g., a boundarynode, such as boundary node 203 a of FIG. 2 ) implementing a datastructure based method for creating multiple instances of ISIS database.Method 320 may also be performed by computer system 1200 of FIG. 12 .Method 320 is not limited to the specific embodiments depicted in thosefigures, and other systems may be used to perform the method as will beunderstood by those skilled in the art. It is to be appreciated that notall operations may be needed, and the operations may not be performed inthe same order as shown in FIG. 3B.

At 322, a plurality of pointers are generated, where each one of theplurality of pointers is associated with one instance of multipleinstances of ISIS database. For example, boundary node 203 a of area 201a generates one pointer for each one of the multiple instances of ISISdatabase. In some examples, each pointer is associated with a memoryblock allocated for the corresponding instance of ISIS database duringISIS initialization when, for example, boundary node 203 a boots up. Ina non-limiting example, each one of the plurality of pointers can be anIr_node pointer to memory block type ISNODE. In some examples, ISNODEcan be an internal data structure that contains the relevant variablesfor a particular ISIS instance. For example, ISNODE can includeinformation such as, but not limited to, the system identifier (ID),nickname, list of circuits, list of adjacencies, and the like. In someexamples, majority of the ISIS code's data structures can be accessedusing the Ir_node pointer. For example, one or more ISIS functions canuse the Ir_node pointer to get the information needed for ISISoperation. However, the aspects of this disclosure are not limited tothis example, and the plurality of pointers can include other types ofpointers to other types of memory blocks.

According to some examples, and considering two instances of the ISISdatabase, one approach for generating the plurality (in this example,two) of pointers can include pairing the instance specific pointer toall functions. In this example, the instance specific pointer can becomelocal and by passing a current instance specific pointer, two instancescan access its own data structures correctly.

Another approach for generating the plurality (in this example, two) ofpointers can include generating two global pointers—e.g., home pointerand remote pointer. In this example, a global variable can point eitherto the home pointer or the remote pointer. In this example, the globalvariable can be changed to different instances of the pointer to startthe ISIS entry points.

At 324, the non-global variables used in the ISIS database are moved tothe plurality of pointers. For example, boundary node 203 a of area 201a can move the non-global variables used in the ISIS database to theplurality of pointers. For example, a first set of one or morenon-global variables associated with a first ISIS instance is moved to afirst pointer of the plurality of pointers and second set of one or morenon-global variables associated with a second ISIS instance is moved tothe second pointer of the plurality of pointers.

At 326, the multiple (e.g., two in this example) instances of ISISdatabase are initialized and are ready to be used. For example, boundarynode 203 a of area 201 a of FIG. 2 initializes the multiple instances ofISIS database. In some examples, the initialization can include creatingtwo memory blocks—one for each instance of ISIS. Additionally, oralternatively, the second memory block can be created when the secondinstance of ISIS is configured. Additionally, or alternatively, method320 can include Sender Policy Framework processing. In a non-limitingexample, the SPF processing can include two tasks—one for each instanceof the ISIS database—and/or calling a function (for example, but notlimited to, isisSpfTask( )) twice in a single task with passing theinstance specific pointer.

According to some examples, at the beginning of a timer function, thepointer can point to the home instance of ISIS database and switch tothe remote instance of ISIS database to perform timer processing, andthen the pointer can switch back to the home instance. Alternatively,when a timer function is called, the timer function can be in aninstance in which an ISIS yield was called. In this example, the timerfunction processes the existing instance and then switches to the otherinstance, and restores the original instance at the end of processing.Also, to handle nested yields, the current ISIS instance can be storedin a stack with a PUSH operation, and POPed when coming out of thenested loop. The functionality can be added in the yield code to handlesuch scenario. In some examples, the PUSH operation can add an elementto a collection of elements (e.g., a stack), and the POP operation canremove a most recently added element that was not yet removed.

Additionally, or alternatively, method 320 can include packet (e.g.,hello/LSP) processing. In a non-limiting example, for the packetprocessing entry points can be timer call back functions. In oneexample, four timer functions can be used. In some examples, thesefunctions can be invoked twice for each instance with current instancespecific pointer. However, other number of timer functions can also beused.

According to some aspects, method 320 can reduce image size associatedwith the multiple instances of the ISIS database and can result inapplying enhancements and fixes once. Although method 320 of FIG. 3B isdiscussed with respect to two instances of the ISIS database, theaspects of this disclosure are not limited to this example and method320 can be applied to multiple instances of the ISIS database.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to systems and methods forgenerating and/or using virtual node(s) (e.g., virtual SPB node(s)) in amulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). Many fabrictechnologies use link-state protocols for their control plane. An SPBfabric is based on ISIS, a link-state based protocol in which all nodesin an area have a complete copy of the entire LSDB (Link State Database)of that area that includes the identification, topology, services, andthe like of every node in the area. This allows every node to have thesame view of the network and compute shortest-path unicast and multicasttrees consistently. The size of the LSDB has a direct impact on theresource requirement for all participating nodes (e.g., RAM, CPU power,fast path ASIC capabilities, etc.). This imposes limits on possiblenetwork size and structure—especially regarding the number of nodes andnumber of services (such as L2 services, VRFs (Virtual Route Forwards),route prefixes, IP (Internet Protocol) multicast streams, and others).

The multi-area aspects discussed in this disclosure provide solutions toovercome the limits of the SPB fabric discussed in the above paragraph.In some examples, the multi-area aspects of this disclsoure areapplicable to the SPB fabric. Additionally, or alternatively, themulti-area aspects of this disclsoure can be applicable to other fabrictechnologies.

According to some aspects, the multi-area SPB fabric (or multi-area forother fabric technologies) can include one or more virual nodes. In someexamples, the virtual nodes can replace and represent in the LSDB anynumber of nodes in any number of ISIS areas and the nodes' services (ora subset of their serices) as a single entity. Complex networktopologies, for example, including a very large number of real nodes andthe actual links connecting them, can be substituted by a limited numberof virtual links from the virtual node to the boundary nodes (the nodesthat have direct ISIS adjacencies to other areas). This can allow for amuch less CPU-intensive computation of, for example, the shortest pathtrees. Multiple virtual links can also allow for external areas to beconnected to multiple boundary nodes in resilient and large bandwidthdesigns, but still be represented just once in the LSDB.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary multi-area fabric (e.g., a multi-areaSPB fabric) using a virtual node, according to some aspects of thedisclosure. Although the virtual node in some aspects of this disclosureis discussed with respect to a multi-area SPB fabric, the aspects ofthis disclosure and the virtual node can be applied to other multi-areafabrics.

FIG. 4A illustrates multi-area SPB fabric 400 that includes areas 401a-d. Multi-area SPB fabric 400 is illustrated as a Hub-and-Spoketopology. However, the aspects of this disclosure can be applied toother topologies too. In this example, area 401 a can include boundarynodes 403 a and 405 a and interior nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and 413 a.Area 401 b can include boundary nodes 403 b and 405 b and interior nodes407 b, 409 b, 411 b, and 413 b. In this example, area 401 c can includeboundary nodes 403 c and 405 c and interior nodes 407 c, 409 c, and 411c. Also, in this example, area 401 d can include interior nodes 407 dand 409 d.

In this example, interior nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and 413 a of area401 a are outside of a communication area associated with areas 401 b-d.Interior nodes 407 b, 409 b, 411 b, and 413 b of area 401 b are outsideof a communication area associated with areas 401 a, 401 c, and 401 d.Interior nodes 407 c, 409 c, and 411 c of area 401 c are outside of acommunication area associated with areas 401 a, 401 b, and 401 d. And,interior nodes 407 d and 409 d of area 401 d are outside of acommunication area associated with areas 401 a-c.

Although boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a are illustrated as nodes withinarea 401 a, boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a are nodes that are sharedbetween areas 401 a and 401 d. Similarly, although boundary nodes 403 band 405 b are illustrated as nodes within area 401 b, boundary nodes 403b and 405 b are nodes that are shared between areas 401 b and 401 d.And, although boundary nodes 403 c and 405 c are illustrated as nodeswithin area 401 c, boundary nodes 403 c and 405 c are nodes that areshared between areas 401 c and 401 d.

In a non-limiting example, interior node 407 d of area 401 d can beassociated with service X. In this example, interior node 409 b of area401 b can be associated with service Y, interior node 411 c of area 401c can be associated with service X, and interior node 409 c of area 401c can be associated with service Z. According to some examples, servicesX, Y, and Z can include services provided by a network node, such as,but not limited to, services provided by computers, routers, gateways,modems, printers, scanners, TVs, smart phones, Internet of Things (IoT)devices, bridges, switches, and the like.

In this example, area 401 a can include virtual node 415 d. Virtual node415 d of area 401 a can represent the adjacent area(s) to area 401 a. Insome examples, virtual node 415 d of area 401 a is configured torepresent areas 401 b-d and their associated services in area 401 a. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, virtual node 415 d of area 401 a isconfigured to represent services X, Y, and Z associated with area nodes401 b-d. Each area in multi-area SPB fabric 400 has its own perspective.In other words, for example, for area 401 a, areas 401 b, 401 c, and 401d (and their corresponding nodes and/or services) can be represented byvirtual node 415 d. According to some aspects, by using virtual node(s)in the multi-area fabric (e.g., multi-area SPB fabric 400), complextopologies can be represented by a virtual node (e.g., a single virtualnode) representing some or all the services outside the home area.

In this example, an interior node (e.g., node 407 a) of area 401 a canhave access to services of other nodes outside of area 401 a and cancommunicate with the other nodes outside of area 401 a without beingaware of the other nodes outside of area 401 a. The services of theother nodes outside of area 401 a are represented by virtual node 415 d.Therefore, interior node 407 a can access these services through virtualnode 415 d.

According to some examples, a structure of virtual node 415 d can hidebehind virtual node 415 d. Each virtual node (e.g., virtual node 415 d)can have its own system identifier (ID), nickname, set of LSPs, and thelike. In some examples, the system ID and the nickname can beauto-derived from the manual area and can be over-ridden by explicitconfiguration.

According to some examples, virtual node 415 d can connect an intra-areashortest path and an out-of-area shortest path logically. In otherwords, virtual node 415 d connects home area 401 a shortest path andout-of-area (e.g., area 401 d) shortest path logically. In some aspects,area virtual nodes are created (e.g., emulated) by boundary nodes, andare logical ISIS nodes specifically created (e.g., emulated) forproviding a path out of the area. For example, virtual node 415 d iscreated (e.g., emulated) using boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a of area401 a. Boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a can be real (e.g., physical) ISISnodes (such as routing switches) that have adjacencies in more than oneISIS area, maintaining separate copies of each LSDBs (Link StateDatabases) corresponding to each area. Boundary nodes 403 a and 405 acan run one SPB (and ISIS) instance for each area. According to someexamples, virtual node 415 d is used in the calculation for the shortestpath tree and to advertise the services of one or more of areas 401 b-d,and is used by the interior nodes as a SPB node. In some examples, aninterior node (e.g., nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and/or 413 a) cancompute a path to virtual node 415 d, can transmit traffic to virtualnode 415 d based on services extended by virtual node 415 d, and/or canreceive traffic from virtual node 415 d based on the services extendedby virtual node 415 d. Virtual node 415 d is not a node used in thestandard ISIS protocol, according to some examples. In some examples,the function of virtual node 415 d can be to bring view of an outsidearea (e.g., areas 401 b-d) as a single ISIS entity to all nodes in thehome area (e.g., area 401 a). In other words, a regular (non-boundary)node (e.g., nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and/or 413 a) can view outsidearea(s) (e.g., areas 401 b-d) as an ISIS node, which has ISIS LSDBinformation from that area(s).

As discussed above, boundary nodes (e.g., boundary nodes 403 a and 405a) can exist in multiple (e.g., two) areas and run one SPB (and/or ISIS)instance for each. The virtual node (e.g., virtual node 415 d)representing the first instance area is represented in the secondinstance area, as a synthesized representation of all (or some of) theservices on all (or some of) the nodes that are not visible across areaboundary. Another virtual node representing the second area isrepresented in the first area. In other words, virtual node 415 d ofarea 401 a represents all (or some of) services on all (or some of) thenodes of areas 401 b-d in area 401 a. In some examples, boundary nodes403 a and 405 a can also create another virtual node (not shown in FIG.4A) that represents all (or some of) services on all (or some of) thenodes of areas 401 a in area 401 d.

FIG. 4A illustrates area 401 a view. Area 401 a view is the home areaview for the interior nodes (e.g., nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and 413 a)and boundary nodes (e.g., nodes 403 a and 405 a). Boundary nodes 403 aand 405 a setup virtual node 415 d based on link state information fromout-of-area LSDB and propagate LSPs within area so that this home area401 a view is established in all interior nodes. As stated above, inthis example, boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a have two ISIS LSDBs, onearea view is based on the ISIS LSDB in one SPB instance and the otherarea view is based the second SPB instance.

In some examples, during a shortest path (e.g., shortest path first)calculation for home area 401 a, virtual node 415 d is considered asthough it is part of area 401 a. Boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a createvirtual node 415 d in their home area ISIS database based on link stateinformation in the LSPs received from out-of-area nodes (e.g., LSPsderived from an out-of-area ISIS database). For example, one of theboundary nodes (e.g., either 403 a or 405 a) in area 401 a will send outLSPs towards area 401 a. The entire area(s) 401 b, 401 c, and/or 401 dwill be represented in area 401 a (home area) view as virtual node 415d. Similarly, the entire area 401 a can be represented in, for example,area 401 d as a virtual node.

According to some aspects, boundary node 403 a receives LSDB in anout-of-area ISIS LSDB through interfaces of boundary node 403 aconnecting to area 401 d. Boundary node 403 a creates virtual node 415 das though a new adjacency is formed in home area 401 a. In someexamples, only one out of many boundary nodes from an area sends theLSPs representing each virtual node. Boundary node 405 a can alsoadvertise a virtual adjacency with virtual node 415 d. Boundary node 405a also has access to information to create virtual node 415 d in LSPsfrom area 401 d nodes in LSDB, but boundary nodes will not compete inoverwriting each other's sequence numbers regarding virtual node 415 d.Except for failover (boundary node failure) scenarios, boundary node 405a will let boundary node 403 a create LSPs regarding virtual node 415 din area 401 a.

As discussed above, boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a can create twovirtual nodes. One virtual node 415 d representing areas 401 b-d in area401 a and one virtual node representing area 401 a in area 401 d. Insome examples, even though both virtual nodes are created by the sameboundary nodes (e.g., boundary nodes 403 a and/or 405 a), they will notbe in the same ISIS instance; rather, each of the virtual nodes willonly be present in one instance, summing up the services in the otherone. In other words, a first virtual node in a first ISIS instancesummarizes the services in a second ISIS instance and a second virtualnode in the second ISIS instance summarize the services in the firstISIS instance, according to some examples.

Although one virtual node is illustrated in FIG. 4A in area 401 a, it isnoted that one or more other areas 401 b-d can include theircorresponding virtual node to represent outside areas and theirassociated services. Additionally, or alternatively, although onevirtual node 415 d is illustrated for area 401 a, area 401 a can includemultiple virtual nodes. In some examples, for scaling purposes, multipleareas can be represented as separate virtual nodes to separate services(e.g., routes, MC streams, etc.) for each area.

According to some aspects, depending on the services, boundary nodes canexpose one or more virtual nodes in the home area to representcollections of nodes from the out-of-area view. In one example, asillustrated in FIG. 4A, virtual node 415 d can represent all three areas401 b-d (e.g., represent nodes and/or services in all three areas 401b-d). In this example, virtual node 415 d (e.g., a single virtual node)is exposed to all areas. In other words, boundary nodes 403 a and 405 acan create a single virtual node 415 d to represent all nodes in area401 d including virtual nodes in area 401 d (not shown), which in turnrepresent their home areas 401 b and 401 c. In this example, virtualnode 415 d as seen in area 401 a will represent services for all nodesin area 401 d and areas 401 b and 401 c (e.g., immediately adjacent area401 d as well as areas connected through it, in this case areas 401 band 401 c).

Alternatively, multiple virtual nodes can be exposed. FIG. 4Billustrates an exemplary multi-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPBfabric) using a plurality of virtual nodes, according to some aspects ofthe disclosure. In this example, multi-area fabric 430 includes areas431 a-d. Multi-area fabric 430 can include boundary nodes 433 a and 435a that connect areas 431 a and 431 d. Boundary nodes 433 a and 435 a cancreate virtual node 445 d to represent services in area 431 d.Additionally, boundary nodes 433 a and 435 a can create additionalvirtual nodes 445 b and 445 c. For example, boundary nodes 433 a and 435a can create a second virtual node 445 b to represent (all or some of)services in area 431 b. Additionally, or alternatively, boundary nodes433 a and 435 a can create a third virtual node 445 c to represent (allor some of) services in area 431 c.

In the example of FIG. 4B, area 431 a can include interior nodes 437 a,439 a, 441 a, and 443 a. Multi-area fabric 430 can include boundarynodes 433 b and 435 b that connect areas 431 b and 431 d. Multi-areafabric 430 can include boundary nodes 433 c and 435 c that connect areas431 c and 431 d.

Returning to FIG. 4A, in some examples, virtual nodes representingcollections of physical nodes in remote areas can be exposed and/or evenone virtual node for each physical node can be chosen to be exposed inthe out-of-area view. For example, interior node 407 a from area 401 acan be represented in area 401 d as a virtual node representing serviceson node 407 a, along with a second virtual node in area 401 a, whichwill represent services on all nodes in area 401 a except for node 407a. This virtual node (virtual node for node 407 a) created by boundarynodes 403 a and 405 a in area 401 d, can in turn be carried on byboundary nodes to remote areas (e.g., by boundary nodes 403 c and 405 cto expose this virtual node (virtual node for node 407 a) in area 401 c,making the services on node 407 a directly accessible in distant areas).

In some examples, the number of virtual nodes created in an area candepend on the services provided by that area and/or other area(s) in themulti-area SPB fabric. As a non-limiting example, Layer 2 VirtualService Network (L2VSN) services can be represented by the immediatelyadjacent area's virtual node, while for other services such as Multicastover SPB, IP Shortcut and Layer 3 Virtual Service Network (L3VSN) remotearea virtual nodes will be exposed. For example, for all services exceptfor L2VSN, area 401 a can include two additional virtual nodes (445 band 445 c in FIG. 4B—in addition to virtual node 415 d) in home areaview as connected through boundary nodes 403 a and 405 a. For example,the two additional virtual nodes (445 b and 445 c in FIG. 4B—in additionto virtual node 415 d) can include LSPs for multicast streams, routesfor IPSC and so on, but will not advertise any of the L2VSN I-SIDs(Service Instance Identifiers). In some examples, as L2VSN I-SIDs can beadvertised in area 401 a by virtual node 415 d. In other words, in someaspects of this disclosure, the number of virtual nodes can depend onthe services of the area(s) that each virtual node represents.

According to some aspects, using policy applied on the boundary nodes,the multi-area SPB fabric can control which services from a home areaare exported in the out-of-area view by being included in the LSPs ofthe corresponding virtual node. In a non-liming example, an L2VSN I-SIDcan be stopped from crossing area boundaries. In this non-limingexample, other services (e.g., multicast streams, routes for IPSC, andthe like) can be allowed to cross area boundaries.

According to some aspects, using a virtual node that is emulated usingtwo or more boundary nodes can provide additional redundancy, usability,and/or security to the multi-area fabric. For example, an interior nodeof an area can communicate with and/or use services of the virtual nodeof that area (which can represent out-of-area services) instead of usingtwo or more boundary nodes of that area. In a non-liming example, if theinterior node communicates with a boundary node (e.g., instead of avirtual node) and the boundary node is unavailable, the interior nodechanges and/or updates, for example, its database(s) to communicate withanother boundary node. However, by communicating with the virtual node,the interior node does not change and/or update, for example, itsdatabase(s) if the boundary node is unavailable. In some examples, theinterior node does not change and/or update, for example, itsdatabase(s) because the interior node is communicating with the virtualnode (e.g., uses the address of the virtual node) instead ofcommunicating with the boundary nodes (e.g., using the address(es) ofthe boundary nodes that emulate the virtual node).

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary hub view in a multi-area fabric (e.g., amulti-area SPB fabric) having a plurality of virtual nodes, according tosome aspects of the disclosure. In this example, multi-area SPB fabric500 includes four areas 501 a-d. Area 501 d includes boundary nodes 503a and 505 a shared with area 501 a, boundary nodes 503 b and 505 bshared with area 501 b, and boundary nodes 503 c and 505 c shared witharea 501 c. Area 501 d also includes interior nodes 507 d and 509 d.

The boundary nodes view of area 501 d is based on area 501 d ISIS LSDB.In FIG. 5 , each of boundary nodes 503 a-c and 505 a-c has two ISIS LSDBdatabases. The out-of-area LSDB of area 501 a boundary nodes 503 a and505 a has a virtual node 515 a representing area 501 a. Similarly, theout-of-area LSDB of area 501 b boundary nodes 503 b and 505 b has avirtual node 515 b representing area 501 b. The out-of-area LSDB of area501 c boundary nodes 503 c and 505 c has a virtual node 515 crepresenting area 501 c. The SPF computation for area 501 d is based onarea 501 d LSDB, which contains virtual nodes 515 a-c. A virtual nodefor a home area is created in boundary nodes when the boundary node ISISis established. For example, when area 501 c boundary node 503 c'ssecond ISIS is enabled, the boundary node 503 c's ISIS brings up thevirtual node 515 c. The boundary node 503 c's ISIS may send out LSPsrepresenting virtual node 515 c towards area 501 d, if boundary node 503c is elected as the primary boundary node. In some examples, virtualnode 515 c has adjacencies with boundary nodes 503 c and 505 c withinthe LSDB of area 501 d. Similarly, virtual nodes are created in boundarynodes of area 501 a and area 501 b.

According to some aspects of this disclosure, the boundary nodes of themulti-area SPB fabric can perform a unicast shortest path computationand/or a multicast shortest path computation. For example, for theunicast shortest path computation, the computation by boundary nodes(e.g., boundary nodes 503 a and 505 a of FIG. 5 ) create two unicastshortest path trees, one for each area view. The unicast shortest pathtree for the first view is created for the paths of connectivity ofnodes internal to the first area (e.g., area 501 d of FIG. 5 ). Theunicast tree for the second view is for the paths of the second area(e.g., area 501 a of FIG. 5 ). These two trees are independent loop freetrees computed from first area ISIS LSDB and second area ISIS LSDB. Insome examples, loop free tree can include a unicast shortest path treeand/or a multicast shortest path without any loops. The boundary nodes(e.g., boundary nodes 503 a and 505 a of FIG. 5 ) transfer trafficbetween these two trees. Since SPF computation is on LSDBs that includevirtual nodes, the virtual nodes can be considered equivalent nodes inthe shortest path tree.

When an interior node (e.g., node 507 d of FIG. 5 ) sends traffic to adestination in a different area (e.g., area 501 a), the traffic isdirected to boundary nodes (e.g., nodes 503 a and 505 a of FIG. 5 ) ofthe destination area using an address of a virtual node (e.g., virtualnode 515 a) of a corresponding area (e.g., area 501 a). In someexamples, the traffic is sent to the virtual node (e.g., virtual node515 a) and the traffic lands on one of the boundary nodes (e.g., one ofnodes 503 a and 505 a), since the virtual node is reachable using theboundary nodes. In these examples, whichever boundary node the trafficlands on can forward the traffic out of the area (e.g., area 501 a). Theboundary nodes direct the traffic inside the area (e.g., area 501 a). Asanother example, an interior node in area 501 a sends traffic to adestination in area 501 c. The traffic is sent by the interior node inarea 501 a to a virtual node representing area 501 d, or to a virtualnode representing area 501 c (depending on whether virtual noderepresenting area 501 c is also exposed in area 501 a, or else allservices in area 501 a are included in virtual node representing area501 d). In other words, if a virtual node representing area 501 c ispresent in area 501 a, the interior node in area 501 a sends the trafficto the virtual node representing area 501 c. If a virtual noderepresenting area 501 c is not present in area 501 a, the interior nodein area 501 a sends the traffic to the virtual node representing area501 d. Then, the virtual node representing area 501 d can send thetraffic to a virtual node representing area 501 c is present in area 501d. Since out-of-area virtual nodes are reachable through boundary nodes,the boundary nodes perform address translation depending on the servicebefore forwarding the traffic on the backbone tree, e.g., a treeassociated to area 501 d. The boundary nodes send traffic across area501 d to the destination area 501 c through area 501 d's shortest pathtree.

Regarding the multicast shortest path computation, a multicast treeinterior to an area can be established based on the home area view withconsideration of multicast services leaked from out-of-area LSDB. Theinterior multicast tree can be computed based on the home area ISISLSDB, which contains information about the virtual nodes. From theinterior node point of view, multicast services from other areas areattached to the virtual nodes corresponding to the other areas. Forexample, a multicast service from area 501 a will be seen by an interiornode from area 501 d as though the service is attached to the virtualnode 515 a. According to some aspects, all boundary nodes can be part ofthe multicast tree for which their corresponding virtual nodes are apart of. In these examples, a receiver bit (e.g., Rx bit) is to be setin the Type-Length-Values (TLVs) in the LSPs of the boundary nodes.

According to some aspects, a virtual node (e.g., virtual node 515 a) iscreated by a trigger from, for example, a state machine when a boundarynode (e.g., boundary node 503 a and/or 505 a) is chosen as a designatednode. In this example, one virtual node can be created in the homeinstance and another virtual node can be created the remote instance. Ina non-limiting example, creating the virtual node can include one ormore of initializing LSP descriptors for the virtual node, allocatingLSP0, filling in TLVs for LSP0, and transmitting the TLVs to the localarea and remote area. Additionally, or alternatively, creating thevirtual node can include one or more of initializing a NNI list, addingISIS ADJ between the boundary node and the virtual node (e.g.,advertising TLV in LSP0 of the physical node), and adding ISIS ADJbetween the virtual node and the boundary node (e.g., advertising TLV inLSP0 of the virtual node). It is noted that the aspects of thisdisclosure are not limited to these operations and other methods can beused for creating the virtual node.

In another non-limiting example, if there is a single boundary node, theboundary node can create the LSP for the virtual node with an adjacencyto itself. The boundary node then adds an adjacency to the virtual nodein its own LSP and sends both the LSPs to the network. When anotherboundary node is present or if there were multiple boundary nodes, thena primary boundary node creates the LSP for the virtual node with anadjacency from the virtual node to each of the boundary nodes, and eachof the boundary nodes adds the adjacency to the virtual node in its LSP.Therefore, the primary node creates the LSP for the virtual node andadds the adjacency to each of the boundary nodes in the virtual node LSPand each of the boundary nodes is responsible for updating its LSP withthe adjacency to the virtual node.

It is noted that the aspects of this disclosure are not limited to theseoperations and other methods can be used for creating the virtual node.

According to some aspects, the responsibility of creating and updatingthe LSPs for the virtual node can lay with the designated boundary node.If the designated boundary node fails, one of the other boundary nodestakes over the role of the designated boundary node. The new designatedboundary node can start advertising the LSPs for the virtual node andcan try to keep the TLV information in the same LSP fragment. In someexamples, when a node (e.g., the boundary node) advertises an LSP thatcontains much information (e.g., more than 1492 bytes), the node candivide the LSP to multiple LSP fragments to carry more information. Inthese examples, the new designated boundary node can keep the TLVinformation in the same LSP fragment.

According to some aspects of this disclosure and comparing virtual node415 d of FIG. 4A and virtual node 515 a of FIG. 5 , these two virtualnodes belong to two different domains (e.g., databases). For example,virtual node 415 d of FIG. 4A belongs to the database associated witharea 401 a, and virtual node 515 a of FIG. 5 belongs to the databaseassociated with area 501 d. In other words, the database (e.g., theLSDB) of area 401 a includes information associated with interior nodesof area 401 a (e.g., nodes 407 a, 409 a, 411 a, and 413 a) andinformation associated with virtual node 415 d representing area 401 d.The database (e.g., the LSDB) of area 501 d includes informationassociated with interior nodes of area 501 a (e.g., nodes 507 a and 509a) and information associated with virtual nodes 515 a-c representingareas 501 a-c, respectively. In some examples, two virtual nodes 415 dand 515 a do not “see” each other because they are part of differentdomains (e.g., databases).

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to methods and systems forautomatic configuration of boundary node(s) and/or virtual node(s) in amulti-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric). In some aspects, theautomatic configuration of boundary node(s) and/or virtual node(s)includes configuring the boundary node(s) and/or the virtual node(s)without user intervention.

According to some examples, for the ISIS protocol, the area identifier(ID) of adjacent nodes must match in order to form adjacencies and allowprotocol operation. Additionally, or alternatively, SPB/ISIS nodes havesystem IDs unique to the area they are a part of. Also, SPB nodes havenick-names (such as, but not limited to, a 5 nibble number) unique toeach area in order to generate unique multicast forwarding informationbase (FIB) entries for each to transport broadcast and multicast in thefabric, according to some examples. In a multi-area fabric (e.g., amulti-area SPB fabric), a boundary node that connects multiple areas hasan area ID for each of the connected areas.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to methods and systems forautomatically configuring the boundary node(s) (and/or virtual nodes) inthe multi-area fabric that connect two or more areas. A multi-areafabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric) using virtual nodes hasadditional configuration for the virtual node (such as, but not limitedto, system ID, nick-name, and the like) for correct operation. Theboundary node can represent each connected area as virtual nodes in theinstances corresponding to all other areas. This configuration isconsistent on all boundary nodes that border the same configuration ofareas.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPB fabric automaticallyconfiguring boundary node(s) and/or virtual nodes, according to someaspects of the disclosure. In this example, multi-area SPB fabric 600includes four areas 601 a-d. Area 601 d includes boundary nodes 603 aand 605 a shared with area 601 a, boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b sharedwith area 601 b, and boundary nodes 603 c and 605 c shared with area 601c. Area 601 d also includes interior nodes 607 d and 609 d.

According to some aspects, an area ID (e.g., an ISIS area ID) can be avalue including a number of bytes defined by the ISIS protocol. In anon-limiting example, the number of bytes for the area ID can be between1 and 13 bytes. In some examples, the area ID can be included in one ormore ISIS hello packet Type-Length-Values (TLVs) and can be “read” by areceiving boundary node for each of the boundary node's ISIS instance.In this example, the boundary node incorporate the area ID as theconfiguration for the boundary node. The boundary node, using forexample the ISIS protocol, can form adjacencies in multiple ISIS areas.According to some examples, the automatic configuration of boundarynodes includes applying dynamically learned area (DLA) to multi-area SPBboundary nodes. In these examples, DLA in the context of multi-area SPBfabric can determine an area ID for each separate ISIS instance/arealearned from, for example, ISIS hello packet area TLVs from various ISISneighbor nodes that have links with the boundary node.

As illustrated in FIG. 6 , area 601 d has an area ID of 0001, area 601 bhas an area ID of 0002, and area 601 c has an area ID of 0003. It isnoted that these area IDs are provided as an example, and areas 601 b-dcan have other area IDs. In this example, boundary node 603 b canrecevie the area ID 0001 of area 601 d and the area ID 0002 area 601 b,and automatically configure itself (boundary node 603 b) with the areaIDs for the areas that it (boundary node 603 b) connects to. In someexamples, boundary node 603 b can receive the area IDs from one or morehello packet TLVs from each of areas 601 d and 601 b. Additionally, oralternatively, boundary node 603 b can receive the area ID of each areato which boundary node 603 b is connected to using other types ofpackets/frames from one or more adjacent nodes in the correspondingarea.

Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 6 , boundary node 603 c can receviethe area ID 0001 of area 601 d and the area ID 0003 of area 601 c, andautomatically configure itself (boundary node 603 c) with the area IDsof the areas that it (boundary node 603 c) connects to. In someexamples, boundary node 603 c can receive the area IDs from one or morehello packet TLVs from each of areas 601 d and 601 c. Additionally, oralternatively, boundary node 603 c can receive the area ID of each areato which boundary node 603 c is connected to using other types ofpackets/frames from one or more adjacent nodes in the correspondingarea.

Learning area IDs (e.g., ISIS area IDs) from multiple adjacent areasallow for configuration and the operation of boundary nodes, which inturn allows for operation of the multi-area fabric without requiringuser intervention, according to some aspects. As discussed above,learning the area ID can include reading the area ID that is included inone or more ISIS hello packet TLVs. Learned area IDs (or in someexamples, configured area IDs) can also be used to configure virtualnodes (e.g., generate nick-names, system-IDs, and the like for virtualnodes) representing the corresponding areas, according to some aspects.

In some exemplary aspects, although each boundary node can automaticallyconfigure itself to add area IDs, it is noted that one or more of thearea IDs for any of the areas connected to the boundary node can beover-ridden by a user-provided configuration. In a non-limiting example,a user (such as a network administrator) can change one or more area IDsat the boundary node.

Additionally, or alternatively, multi-area fabric 600 can automaticallyconfigure one or more virtual nodes (e.g., one or more of virtual nodes615 a, 615 b, or 615 c). In some aspects, the automatic configuration ofthe virtual node(s) includes configuring the virtual node(s) withoutuser intervention. In some examples, automatic configuration of avirtual node can include automatically determining one or more of anick-name, a system ID, or a chassis Media Access Control (MAC) for thevirtual node.

In some examples, the nick-name (e.g., a SPB nick-name) can be a4-nibble (20 bit) value used for generating service (I-SID) specific MACaddresses as defined by the SPB protocol. However, aspects of thisdisclosure are not limited to these examples, and the nick-name caninclude other values.

According to some aspects, the boundary nodes (and/or the virtual nodes)are configured to use the learned area IDs (and/or configured area IDs)to generate (e.g., derive) the nicknames, system IDs, and chassis MACfor the virtual nodes.

According to some aspects, the nick-name for the virtual node can bederived from the area ID of the area represented by the virtual node.For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6 , one or more of boundary nodes603 b and 605 b connected to areas 601 d and 601 b receive the same areaID of the area represented by virtual node 615 b (e.g., area ID 0002from area 601 b). In this example, one or more of boundary nodes 603 band 605 b (or virtual node 615 b) are configured to generate anidentical nick-name (and/or system-ID) for the same virtual node 615 b,having synchronized configuration without user intervention. In oneexample, one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b (or virtual node615 b itself) can take a number of bits from the area ID and determinethe nick-name for virtual node 615 b. In a non-limiting example, one ormore of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b (or virtual node 615 b itself)can take the 20 least significant bits from the area ID and determinethe nick-name for virtual node 615 b. In some examples, if area ID isless than 20 bits, one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b (orvirtual node 615 b itself) use padding with zeros to generate thenick-name. Below are some non-limiting examples:

Area ID 49.0001 will provide nick-name 9.00.01. In this example, theboundary node and/or the virtual node can take the 20 least significantbits from the area ID 49.0001 to determine the nick-name 9.00.01.

Area ID 49.abcd.0002 will provide nick-name d.00.02. In this example,the boundary node and/or the virtual node can take the 20 leastsignificant bits from the area ID 49.abcd.0002 to determine thenick-name d.00.02.

Area ID 01 will provide nick-name 0.00.01. In this example, area ID 01is less than 20 bits. The boundary node and/or the virutal node can usepadding with zeros to generate the nick-name 0.00.01.

It is noted that the method of determining the nick-name for the virtualnodes discussed above are provided as non-limiting examples, and theboundary node(s) and/or virtual node(s) can use other methods todetermine the nick-name for the virtual nodes based on the area ID.Also, in some examples, the nick-name automatically generated for thevirtual node can be over-ridden by user provided configuration.

According to some aspects, the system ID for the virtual node can bederived from the nick-name determined for the virtual node. For example,as illustrated in FIG. 6 , one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 bconnected to areas 601 d and 601 b (or virtual node 615 b representingarea 601 b) are configured to generate an identical system-ID for thesame virtual node 615 b, having synchronized configuration without userintervention. In one example, one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and605 b (or virtual node 615 b itself) use the generated nick-name forvirtual node 615 b to generate (e.g., derive) the system ID for virtualnode 615 b. In some examples, the system ID (e.g., an ISIS system ID)can be in a MAC address format. In a non-limiting example, the system IDcan be a 48 bit value (e.g., a MAC address format). However, the aspectsof this disclosure are not limited to these examples, and the system IDcan have other formats. In some examples, one or more boundary nodesand/or virtual nodes can use the nick-name determined for the virtualnode to determine the system ID by setting, for example, the secondnibble of the sytem ID to value “2” and filling the least significantbits with a pre-defined value. Below are some non-limiting examples:

Nick-name 9.00.01 will provide system-ID 9200.01FF.FFF0. In thisexample, the boundary node and/or the virtual node can use the nick-name9.00.01 to determine the system ID 9200.01FF.FFF0 by for example,copying the first nibble and the second and third bytes from thenick-name value, setting the second nibble of the system ID to value“2”, and setting the least significant three bytes to hex values 0xFF,0xFF, and 0xF0.

Nick-name D.00.02 will provide system-ID D200.02FF.FFF0. In thisexample, the boundary node and/or the virtual node can use the nick-named.00.01 to determine the system ID D200.02FF.FFF0 by, for example,copying the first nibble and the second and third bytes from thenick-name value, setting the second nibble of the system ID to value“2”, and setting the least significant three bytes to hex values 0xFF,0xFF, and 0xF0.

Nick-name 0.00.01 will provide system-ID 0200.01FF.FFF0. In thisexample, the boundary node and/or the virtual node can use the nick-named0.00.01 to determine the system ID 0200.01FF.FFF0 by, for example,copying the first nibble and the second and third bytes from thenick-name value, setting the second nibble of the system ID to value“2”, and setting the least significant three bytes to hex values 0xFF,0xFF, and 0xF0.

It is noted that the method of determining the system ID for the virtualnodes discussed above is provided as a non-limiting example, and theboundary node(s) and/or virtual node(s) can use other methods todetermine the system ID for the virtual nodes based on the nickname ofthe virtual node and/or area ID. For example, determining the system IDcan include setting other nibble(s) of the MAC address format to othervalues and filling other bits with other pre-defined values. Also, insome examples, the system ID automatically generated for the virtualnode can be over-ridden by user provided configuration.

As noted above, boundary nodes connected to the same areas (e.g.,boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b connected to area 601 b and 601 d) willderive the same nick-name and system-ID values for the virtual node(e.g., virtual node 615 b) representing the same area (e.g., area 601b), ensuring consistency and correct operation.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example method 700 for automatically configuring aboundary node and/or a virtual node in a multi-area fabric (e.g., amulti-area SPB fabric), according to some aspects of the disclosure. Asa convenience and not a limitation, FIG. 7 may be described with regardto elements of FIG. 6 . Method 700 may represent the operation of asystem (e.g., a boundary node such as boundary node 603 b of FIG. 6and/or a virtual node such as virtual node 615 b of FIG. 6 ) forautomatically configuring a boundary node and/or a virtual node in amulti-area fabric. Method 700 may also be performed by computer system1200 of FIG. 12 . Method 700 is not limited to the specific embodimentsdepicted in those figures, and other systems may be used to perform themethod as will be understood by those skilled in the art. It is to beappreciated that not all operations may be needed, and the operationsmay not be performed in the same order as shown in FIG. 7 .

At 702, one or more area IDs are determined for a boundary node. Forexample, a boundary node (e.g., boundary node 603 b of FIG. 6 )determines one or more area IDs associated with one or more areas thatthe boundary node connects to. For example, boundary node 603 b of FIG.6 recevies an area ID of area 601 d and an area ID of area 601 b, andautomatically configures itself (boundary node 603 b) with the area IDsfor the areas that it (boundary node 603 b) connects to. In someexamples, the boundary node can receive the area IDs from one or morehello packet TLVs from each of the areas it connects to. Additionally,or alternatively, the boundary node can receive the area ID of each areato which boundary node is connected to using other types ofpackets/frames from one or more adjacent node in the corresponding area.

At 704, the boundary node is automatically configured. According to someexamples, the automatic configuration of boundary node includes applyingDLA to the boundary node. In some examples, the DLA in the context ofmulti-area SPB fabric can use determined area IDs for each separate ISISinstance/area learned from, for example, ISIS hello packet TLVs fromvarious ISIS neighbor nodes that have links with the boundary node.

At 706, a nick-name for a virtual node is determined. For example, theconfigured boundary node (and/or the virtual node) can use at least theone or more area IDs to determine a nick-name for a virtual nodegenerated by the boundary node. For example, the nick-name for thevirtual node can be determined (e.g., derived) from the determined areaID of the area represented by the virtual node. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 6 , one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 bconnected to areas 601 d and 601 b receive the same area ID of the arearepresented by virtual node 615 b (e.g., area ID from area 601 b). Inthis example, one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b (or virtualnode 615 b) are configured to generate an identical nick-name for thesame virtual node 615 b.

At 708, a system ID for the virtual node is determined. For example, theconfigured boundary node (and/or the virtual node) can determine (e.g.,derive) the system ID for the virtual node based on the nick-namedetermined for the virtual node. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6 ,one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b connected to areas 601 dand 601 b (or virtual node 615 b representing area 601 b) are configuredto generate an identical system-ID for the same virtual node 615 b. Inone example, one or more of boundary nodes 603 b and 605 b (or virtualnode 615 b itself) use the generated nick-name for virtual node 615 b at706 to generate (e.g., derive) the system ID for virtual node 615 b.

At 710, the virtual node is automatically configured based on thedetermined nick-name and system ID. In some examples, configuring thevirtual node can include assigning the determined nick-name and systemID to the virtual node. In some examples, configuring the virtual nodecan include assigning the one or more boundary nodes (that establishedthe virtual node) to the virtual node. Additionally, or alternatively,configuring the virtual node can include preparing the virtual node tostart its operations.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods formultiple SPB boundary nodes and discovery. As discussed above withrespect to virtual nodes, one or more boundary nodes in a multi-areafabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric) can be configured to generate(e.g., produce) one or more virtual nodes. For example, as illustratedin FIG. 5 , boundary nodes 503 a and 505 a are configured to generatevirtual node 515 a that represents area 501 a in area 501 d. Similarly,boundary nodes 503 b and 505 b are configured to generate virtual node515 b that represents area 501 b in area 501 d. Also, boundary nodes 503c and 505 c are configured to generate virtual node 515 c thatrepresents area 501 c in area 501 d. It is noted that although twoboundary nodes are illustrated and discussed to generate a virtual node,other number of boundary nodes (e.g., one, three, four, five, etc.) canconnect two or more areas and can be configured to generate the virtualnodes. Also, although one virtual node is discussed to be generated byboundary nodes representing each area, the aspects of this disclosurecan generate a plurality of virtual nodes representing one area.

According to some aspects of this disclosure, among the boundary nodesbetween areas, one of the boundary nodes is a designated node thatgenerates the virtual node. The other boundary node(s) are backup nodes,which take over (e.g., represent) the virtual node if the designatednode has a failure. In a non-limiting example, boundary node 503 a canbe considered the designated node that generate virtual node 515 a andboundary node 505 a can be considered the backup node that can take over(e.g., represent) boundary node 503 a if boundary node 503 a fails. Someaspects of this disclosure are directed to systems and methods fordetermining the boundary nodes between areas and which boundary node isthe designated node.

In some examples, when the nodes are configured as boundary nodes, theirdesignation as backup nodes or designated nodes can also be configured.For example, when the boundary nodes are automatically configured asdiscussed above with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7 , the boundary nodes canbe configured as a designated boundary node or backup boundary node(s).Additionally, or alternatively, when a virtual node is generated and/oris configured, the boundary nodes that generate the virtual node can beconfigured as a designated boundary node or backup boundary node(s). Forexample, when the virtual node is automatically configured as discussedabove with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7 , the boundary nodes generating thevirtual node can be configured as a designated boundary node or backupboundary node(s).

In these examples, a boundary node can use part of a packet it transmitsto other nodes to indicate that the boundary node is a boundary node andwhether the boundary node is a designated boundary node or a backupboundary node. For example, the boundary node can use a header of an LSP(e.g., use one or more bits in the header of the LSP) to indicate thatthe boundary node is a boundary node and whether the boundary node is adesignated boundary node or a backup boundary node.

In some examples, the boundary nodes of the multi-area fabric can beconfigured as a designated boundary node or backup boundary node(s) by auser (e.g., an administrator) of the multi-area fabric. In other words,the user can design the boundary node to be the designated boundary nodeor the backup boundary node(s). Additionally, or alternatively, the usercan change the configuration of the boundary node from the designatedboundary node or the backup boundary node(s), or vice versa.

In addition to, or in alternative to, using the configuration methodsdiscussed above, some aspects of this disclosure can use TLVs fordetermining the boundary nodes between areas and which boundary node isthe designated node. According to some aspects, TLV is used by themulti-area fabric(s) of this disclosure to carry information in LSPs. Insome examples, the LSPs can include Link State Protocol Data Units(PDUs). Each PDU can include a header, where the header can include afixed part and a variable part. In some examples, the variable part ofthe header of the PDU can include the TLV. Although some examples arediscussed with respect to PDUs, the aspects of this disclosure can beapplied to other types of packets and/or frames for LSPs. TLV canprovide a flexible way to add new header information to the PDU withoutmodifying the fixed part of the header. TLV includes a type field (T), alength field (L) and a value field (V). In a non-limiting example, type(T) can be one octet, length (L) can be one octet, and value (V) can bea plurality of octets. However, the aspects of this disclosure are notlimited to these examples and TLV can include other number of octets. Insome examples, type field (T) can indicate the type of items in thevalue field (V). The length field (L) can indicate the length of thevalue field (V). The value field (V) is the data portion of the packet.

According to some examples, TLV 1 (e.g., ISIS area TLV 1) is a TLV thatincludes an area ID (e.g., an ISIS area ID such as ISIS area address).For example, as illustrated in FIG. 8 , TLV 1 can be used fordetermining the boundary nodes between areas and which boundary node isthe designated node. FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPBfabric for determining the boundary nodes between areas and determiningwhich boundary node is the designated node, according to some aspects ofthe disclosure. In this example, multi-area SPB fabric 800 includes fourareas 801 a-801 d. Area 801 d includes boundary nodes 803 a and 805 ashared with area 801 a, boundary nodes 803 b and 805 b shared with area801 b, and boundary nodes 803 c and 805 c shared with area 801 c. Area801 d also includes interior nodes 807 d and 809 d.

As illustrated in FIG. 8 , area 801 a has an area ID of 0001, area 801 bhas an area ID of 0002, area 801 c has an area ID of 0003, and area 801d has area ID 0004. It is noted that these area IDs are provided as anexample, and areas 801 b-801 d can have other area IDs.

According to some aspects, each area of areas 801 a-801 d has itscorresponding ISIS instance. In some examples, the ISIS instance of eacharea 801 a-801 d runs independently from the instance of the otherareas. The TLV (e.g., the TLV 1) associated with each area includes thearea ID associated to that area. For example, the TLV (e.g., the TLV 1)associated with area 801 a includes area ID 0001. The TLV (e.g., theTLV 1) associated with area 801 b includes area ID 0002. The TLV (e.g.,the TLV 1) associated with area 801 c includes area ID 0003. And the TLV(e.g., the TLV 1) associated with area 801 d includes area ID 0004.

According to some aspects of this disclosure, a boundary node can beshared by two or more areas. For example, boundary nodes 803 a and 805 aare shared by areas 801 a and 801 d. The boundary node can have aplurality of ISIS instances, each instance associated with an area thatthe boundary node connects to. For example, boundary node 803 a can havea first ISIS instance associated with area 801 a and a second ISISinstance associated with area 801 d. In this example, the TLV (e.g., theTLV 1) associated with a boundary node can include a plurality of areaIDs, where each one of the area IDs is associated with a respective ISISinstance associated with the area that shares the boundary node. Forexample, a TLV (e.g., a TLV 1) associated with boundary node 803 a caninclude a first area ID 0001 associated with area 801 a (and its ISISinstance) and a second area ID 0004 associated with area 801 d (and itsISIS instance).

In this example, nodes can determine (e.g., detect and/or discover)boundary nodes by receiving and examining the TLVs (e.g., TLV 1s). Forexample, when boundary node 803 a receives a PDU from boundary node 805a, boundary node 803 a can examine the TLV included in the received PDU.For example, boundary node 803 a can determine that the received TLVincludes, for example, two area IDs. Based on the determined area IDs,boundary node 803 a can determine that boundary node 805 a (from whichthe PDU was received) is a boundary node. Therefore, boundary node 803 acan automatically discover boundary node 805 a. In some examples,boundary node 803 a can also determine the areas (e.g., areas 801 a and801 d) that share boundary node 805 a.

According to some examples, boundary node 803 a can compare its area IDswith the determined area IDs in the TLV received from boundary node 805a. Based on this comparison, boundary node 803 a can determine that bothboundary nodes 803 a and 805 a are being shared with same areas inmulti-area fabric 800.

Although this example is discussed with respect to boundary node 803 aautomatically discovering boundary node 805 a, similar methods can beapplied for any node (e.g., an interior node, a boundary node, etc.) todiscover boundary node 805 a. In some examples, automatic discovery ofthe nodes helps in ease of configuration burden on an end user.Additionally, or alternatively, automatic discovery of the nodes canprevent error in configuring multiple nodes to form a collective clusterconnecting multiple areas.

In addition to, or in alternative to, automatically discovering boundarynodes, some aspects of this disclosure are directed to selecting and/ordetermining a boundary node as a designated boundary node. For example,when two or more boundary nodes 803 a and 805 a are used to generatevirtual node 815 a, some aspects of this disclosure can be used toelect, for example, boundary node 803 a as the designated boundary nodeand elect boundary node 805 a as a backup node. In some examples, othernodes (e.g., interior nodes, other boundary nodes, etc.) can beconfigured to determine this designation based on one or more parametersreceived from boundary nodes 803 a and 805 a. In some examples, systemIDs can be used to determine which boundary node is the designatedboundary node and which boundary node is the backup. In a non-limitingexample, a boundary node with a lowest system ID can be considered thedesignated boundary node. In another non-limiting example, a boundarynode with a highest system ID can be considered the designated boundarynode. However, the aspects of this disclosure are not limited to theseexamples and the nodes can determine the designation of boundary nodesusing other methods.

According to some examples, each node (e.g., interior nodes, otherboundary nodes, etc.) in multi-area fabric 800 can have a unique systemID. When boundary node 803 a receives a packet (e.g., a PDU) fromboundary node 805 a, boundary node 803 a can determine a system IDassociated with boundary node 805 a from, for example, the received PDU.Boundary node 803 a can compare the system ID of boundary node 805 awith the system ID of boundary node 803 a. Based on the comparison,boundary node 803 a can determine which one of the boundary nodes 803 aand 805 a is the designated boundary node and which one is the backupboundary node.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example method 900 for automatically determiningthe boundary nodes between areas and determining which boundary node isthe designated node, according to some aspects of the disclosure. As aconvenience and not a limitation, FIG. 9 may be described with regard toelements of FIG. 8 . Method 900 may represent the operation of a system(e.g., a boundary node such as boundary node 803 b of FIG. 8 and/or avirtual node such as virtual node 815 b of FIG. 8 ) for automaticallydetermining the boundary nodes between areas and determining whichboundary node is the designated node. Method 900 may also be performedby computer system 1200 of FIG. 12 . Method 900 is not limited to thespecific embodiments depicted in those figures, and other systems may beused to perform the method as will be understood by those skilled in theart. It is to be appreciated that not all operations may be needed, andthe operations may not be performed in the same order as shown in FIG. 9.

At 902, one or more packets such as, but not limited to, one or moreLSPs are received. For example, a network node (e.g., boundary node 803b of FIG. 8 ) receives a packet from another network node (e.g.,boundary node 805 b). In some examples, the packet (e.g., the LSP) caninclude one or more Link State PDUs.

At 904, one or more TLVs in the received packet are determined andexamined. For example, boundary node 803 b can determine and examine oneor more TLVs in the packet received from boundary node 805 b. Forexample, when boundary node 803 b receives a PDU from boundary node 805b, boundary node 803 b can examine the TLV included in the received PDU.Boundary node 803 b can determine the number of area IDs in the TLV. Forexample, boundary node 803 b can determine whether the TLV includes onearea ID, two area IDs, three area IDs, or other number of area IDs.

At 906, in response to determining that the one or more TLVs include atleast two area IDs, it is determined that the node from which the packetwas received is a boundary node. For example, boundary node 803 bdetermines that the received TLV includes, for example, two area IDs.Based on the determined area IDs, boundary node 803 a can determine thatthe node (e.g., boundary node 805 a) from which the packet was receivedis a boundary node. Therefore, boundary node 803 b can automaticallydiscover boundary node 805 b. In some examples, boundary node 803 b canalso determine the areas (e.g., areas 801 b and 801 d) that shareboundary node 805 b.

Additionally, or alternatively, method 900 can include boundary node 803b comparing its area IDs with the determined area IDs in the TLVreceived from boundary node 805 b. Based on this comparison, boundarynode 803 b can determine that both boundary nodes 803 b and 805 b arebeing shared with the same areas in multi-area fabric 800.

At 908, a system ID associated with the node from which that packet wasreceived is determined. For example, boundary node 803 b can determinethe system ID associated with the node (e.g., boundary node 805 b) fromwhich that packet was received.

At 910, the determined system ID is compared with a second system ID.For example, boundary node 803 b can compare the determined system ID(determine the system ID associated with the node (e.g., boundary node805 b) from which that packet was received) with the system ID ofboundary node 803 b.

At 912, based at least on the comparison, it is determined whether thenode from which that packet was received is a designated boundary nodeor a backup boundary node. In a non-limiting example, a boundary nodewith a lowest system ID can be considered the designated boundary node.In this example, boundary node 803 b can determine that boundary node805 b is a designated boundary node if the system ID of boundary node805 b is lower (e.g., less) than the system ID of boundary node 803 b.For example, if the system ID of boundary node 803 b is D200.0100.0086and the system ID of boundary node 805 b is B200.0100.0086, boundarynode 803 b can determine that boundary node 805 b is the designatedboundary node. In this example, boundary node 803 b can determine thatboundary node 803 b is a backup boundary node. Alternatively, boundarynode 803 b can determine that boundary node 803 b is a designatedboundary node if the system ID of boundary node 803 b is lower (e.g.,less) than the system ID of boundary node 805 b. In this example,boundary node 803 b can determine that boundary node 805 b is a backupboundary node.

In another non-limiting example, a boundary node with a highest systemID can be considered the designated boundary node. However, the aspectsof this disclosure are not limited to these examples and the nodes candetermine the designation of boundary nodes using other methods.

Although these examples are provided with respect to two boundary nodes,the aspects of this disclosure can be applied to any number of boundarynodes. A node (e.g., a boundary node) can automatically determine anddiscover a plurality of boundary nodes using the aspects of thisdisclosure. Additionally, the node (e.g., a boundary node) canautomatically determine and discover which node is a designated boundarynode using the aspects of this disclosure.

Some aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods for loopprevention in a multi-area fabric (e.g., a multi-area SPB fabric).Although some examples are discussed with respect to a multi-area SPBfabric, the aspect of this disclosure can be applied to any multi-areadomain.

In a flexible backbone free topology, two or more areas can be connectedin any fashion to each other. However, the inter-connection of the areasshould not create a loop. As discussed in more detail below, someaspects of this disclosure are directed to systems and methods to detectwhether a loop is to be created between two more areas when the areasare to be connected. Additionally, or alternatively, some aspects ofthis disclosure can prevent and/or break the loop at the inter-connectpoint before the areas are joined together. In some examples, preventingand/or breaking the loop can include preventing one or more nodes thatcould be boundary node(s) at the inter-connect point from functioning asthe boundary nodes. Additionally, or alternatively, preventing and/orbreaking the loop can include preventing one or more nodes that could beboundary node(s) at the inter-connect point from creating a virtualnode.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary multi-area SPB fabric for detectingand/or preventing a loop, according to some aspects of the disclosure.In this example, multi-area SPB fabric 1000 includes four areas 1001a-1001 d. In this example, areas 1001 a and 1001 b are connected to eachother and share boundary node 1003 a. Although one boundary node 1003 ais illustrated in FIG. 10 , areas 1001 a and 1001 b can share more thanone boundary node. In this example, two virtual nodes 1015 a and 1015 bare generated (e.g., created) by boundary node 1003 a (and/or anyadditional boundary nodes). In this example, virtual node 1015 a isconfigured to represent area 1001 a (and/or any additional areas beyondarea 1001 a) in area 1001 b. Virtual node 1015 b can be configured torepresent area 1001 b (and/or any additional areas beyond area 1001 b,for example, areas 1001 c and 1001 d) in area 1001 a.

Areas 1001 b and 1001 c are connected to each other and share boundarynode 1003 b. Although one boundary node 1003 b is illustrated in FIG. 10, areas 1001 b and 1001 c can share more than one boundary node. In thisexample, two virtual nodes 1017 b and 1015 c are generated (e.g.,created) by boundary node 1003 b (and/or any additional boundary nodes).In this example, virtual node 1017 b is configured to represent area1001 b (and/or any additional areas beyond area 1001 b, for example,area 1001 a) in area 1001 c. Virtual node 1015 c can be configured torepresent area 1001 c (and/or any additional areas beyond area 1001 c,for example, area 1001 d) in area 1001 b.

Areas 1001 c and 1001 d are connected to each other and share boundarynode 1003 c. Although one boundary node 1003 c is illustrated in FIG. 10, areas 1001 c and 1001 d can share more than one boundary node. In thisexample, two virtual nodes 1017 c and 1015 d are generated (e.g.,created) by boundary node 1003 c (and/or any additional boundary nodes).In this example, virtual node 1017 c is configured to represent area1001 c (and/or any additional areas beyond area 1001 c, for example,areas 1001 a and 1001 b) in area 1001 d. Virtual node 1015 d can beconfigured to represent area 1001 d (and/or any additional areas beyondarea 1001 c) in area 1001 c.

As illustrated in FIG. 10 , if areas 1001 a and 1001 d are to beconnected using, for example, node 1020, a loop would be created. Insome aspects, node 1020 is configured to detect whether a loop is to becreated between areas 1001 a and 1001 d when areas 1001 a and 1001 d areto be connected. Additionally, or alternatively, node 1020 (and/ormulti-area fabric 1000) is configured to prevent and/or break the loopat the inter-connect point before areas 1001 a and 1001 d are joinedtogether.

According to some aspects, a topology TLV can be used by node 1020and/or multi-area fabric 1000 to detect whether a loop is to be createdbetween areas 1001 a and 1001 d when areas 1001 a and 1001 d are to beconnected. In some examples, one or more virtual nodes of multi-areafabric 1000 can include their corresponding topology TLV(s). Thetopology TLV is included in the virtual node that lists the areas behindit and their neighbor areas, according to some aspects of thisdisclosure. For example, a topology TLV of a virtual node can include aformat including one or more of an area ID of the area that the virtualnode represents, one or more neighbor area IDs of the area that areneighbors (e.g., immediate neighbors) of the area that the virtual noderepresents, and one or more metrics for each one of one or more neighborarea IDs. In some examples, one or more metrics for a neighbor area canbe optional and can include parameters for reaching that neighbor area.In some examples, the one or more metrics can include an integerindicating the cost of crossing that area. For example, a higher valueof the integer can indicate a higher cost, in terms of hops, delay, etc.in crossing that area. The one or more metrics can include otherparameters.

In a non-limiting example, a topology TLV of a virtual node can have thefollowing format: Area <ID>, Neighbor <Area ID> (for Area <ID>), Metric(for Neighbor <Area ID>). However, this disclosure is not limited tothis example and the aspects of this disclosure can have other topologyTLV formats.

For example, virtual node 1015 a can include a topology TLV thatincludes an area ID of area 1001 a, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 b(neighbor area to area 1001 a), and one or more metrics for eachneighbor area ID.

For example, virtual node 1015 b can have three topology TLVs. A firsttopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 b, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 a, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 c (neighbor areas to area1001 b), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A secondtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 c, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 b, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 d (neighbor areas to area1001 c), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A thirdtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 d, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 c (neighbor areas to area 1001 d), and one or more metrics foreach neighbor area ID. In some examples, the three topology TLVs ofvirtual node 1015 b can be included in one combined topology TLV.

For example, virtual node 1017 b can have two topology TLVs. A firsttopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 b, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 a, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 c (neighbor areas to area1001 b), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A secondtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 a, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 b (neighbor areas to area 1001 a), and one or more metrics foreach neighbor area ID. In some examples, the two topology TLVs ofvirtual node 1017 b can be included in one combined topology TLV.

For example, virtual node 1015 c can have two topology TLVs. A firsttopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 c, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 b, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 d (neighbor areas to area1001 c), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A secondtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 d, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 c (neighbor areas to area 1001 d), and one or more metrics foreach neighbor area ID. In some examples, the two topology TLVs ofvirtual node 1015 c can be included in one combined topology TLV.

For example, virtual node 1017 c can have three topology TLVs. A firsttopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 c, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 b, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 d (neighbor areas to area1001 c), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A secondtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 b, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 a, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 c (neighbor areas to area1001 b), and one or more metrics for each neighbor area ID. A thirdtopology TLV includes an area ID of area 1001 a, a neighbor area ID ofarea 1001 b (neighbor areas to area 1001 a), and one or more metrics foreach neighbor area ID. In some examples, the three topology TLVs ofvirtual node 1017 c can be included in one combined topology TLV.

For example, virtual node 1015 d can include a topology TLV thatincludes an area ID of area 1001 d, a neighbor area ID of area 1001 c(neighbor area to area 1001 d), and one or more metrics for eachneighbor area ID.

According to some aspects, node 1020 and/or multi-area fabric 1000 canuse one or more topology TLVs to detect whether a loop is to be createdbetween areas 1001 a and 1001 d when areas 1001 a and 1001 d are to beconnected. For example, when node 1020 is used to connect areas 1001 aand 1001 d, node 1020 can examine one or more topology TLVs for one ormore virtual nodes of areas 1001 a and 1001 d to detect whether a loopis to be created between areas 1001 a and 1001 d. In some examples, node1020 can examine one or more topology TLVs of virtual node 1015 b and/orone or more TLVs of virtual node 1017 c. For example, by examining oneor more topology TLVs of virtual node 1015 b, node 1020 can determinethat area 1001 a is connected to area 1001 b, which is connected to area1001 c, which in turn in connected to area 1001 d. Additionally, oralternatively, by examining one or more topology TLVs of virtual node1015 d, node 1020 can determine that that area 1001 d is connected toarea 1001 c, which is connected to area 1001 b, which in turn inconnected to area 1001 a.

Therefore, node 1020 can determine that connecting areas 1001 a and 1001d using node 1020 can create a loop. In addition to, or in alternativeto, detecting the loop, node 1020 can prevent and/or break the loop. Inone example, to prevent and/or break the loop, node 1020 that could be aboundary node at the inter-connect of areas 1001 a and 1001 d will notfunction as a boundary node. Additionally, or alternatively, to preventand/or break the loop, node 1020 can become a boundary node at theinter-connect of areas 1001 a and 1001 d but will not generate (e.g.,create) a virtual node. In this example, node 1020 can continue toparticipate in both areas 1001 a and 1001 d, and hence has visibility tothe LSDB of both areas, but does not create a virtual node.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 1100 for detecting and/orpreventing a loop in a multi-area fabric, according to some aspects ofthe disclosure. As a convenience and not a limitation, FIG. 11 may bedescribed with regard to elements of FIG. 10 . Method 1100 may representthe operation of a system (e.g., a network node such as node 1020 ofFIG. 10 ) for detecting and/or preventing a loop. Method 1100 may alsobe performed by computer system 1200 of FIG. 12 . Method 1100 is notlimited to the specific embodiments depicted in those figures, and othersystems may be used to perform the method as will be understood by thoseskilled in the art. It is to be appreciated that not all operations maybe needed, and the operations may not be performed in the same order asshown in FIG. 11 .

At 1102, a request is received to connect two areas. For example, node1020 receives a request to connect areas 1001 a and 1001 d of FIG. 10 .Although some examples are discussed with respect to two areas, theaspects of this disclosure are not limited to two areas and can beapplied to methods and systems for detecting and/or preventing loopswhen two or more areas are to be connected. In some examples, node 1020receives the request to connect areas 1001 a and 1001 d when node 1020is configured (e.g., automatically and/or by a user) as a boundary nodeas discussed herein. For example, node 1020 receives a request toconfigure itself as a boundary node. Additionally, or alternatively,receiving the request to connect areas 1001 a and 1001 d can includedetecting one or more conditions/features at node 1020 to configureitself as a boundary node. In some examples, these conditions/featurescan include methods discussed above with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7 .

At 1104, one or more topology TLVs of one or more virtual nodes in thetwo areas to be connected are examined. For example, node 1020 examinesone or more topology TLVs of virtual node 1015 b. Additionally, oralternatively, node 1020 examines one or more topology TLVs of virtualnode 1017 c. In some examples, node 1020 can examine topology TLVs ofall virtual nodes in the areas to be connected.

At 1106, it is determined whether the two area are already connected.For example, based at least on the examination of the one or moretopology TLVs of one or more virtual nodes in the two areas, node 1020can determine whether the two areas are already connected. In anon-limiting example, and as illustrated in FIG. 10 , determiningwhether the two areas are already connected can include determining thatarea 1001 a is connected to area 1001 b, determining that area 1001 b isconnected to area 1001 c, and determining that area 1001 c is connectedto area 1001 d. In some examples, two or more areas are connected whenthese areas share one or more boundary nodes.

At 1108, in response to determining that the two area are alreadyconnected, detect that connecting the two areas can create a loop. Forexample, node 1020, based at least on the determination that areas 1001a and 1001 d are already connected (e.g., through areas 1001 b and 1001c), detects that connecting areas 1001 a and 1001 d at node 1020 cancreate a loop.

At 1110, the loop between the two areas is prevented. For example, node1020 can prevent (and/or break) creating a loop between areas 1001 a and1001 d. In one example, node 1020 that could be a boundary node at theinter-connect of areas 1001 a and 1001 d will not function as a boundarynode. Additionally, or alternatively, node 1020 can become a boundarynode at the inter-connect of areas 1001 a and 1001 d but will notgenerate (e.g., create) a virtual node. In this example, node 1020 cancontinue to participate in both areas 1001 a and 1001 d, and hence hasvisibility to the LSDB of both areas, but does not create a virtualnode.

Various embodiments may be implemented, for example, using one or morewell-known computer systems, such as computer system 1200 shown in FIG.12 . One or more computer systems 1200 may be used, for example, toimplement any aspect of the disclosure discussed herein, as well ascombinations and sub-combinations thereof.

Computer system 1200 may include one or more processors (also calledcentral processing units, or CPUs), such as a processor 1204. Processor1204 may be connected to a communication infrastructure or bus 1206.

Computer system 1200 may also include customer input/output device(s)1203, such as monitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc., which maycommunicate with communication infrastructure 1206 through customerinput/output interface(s) 1202.

One or more of processors 1204 may be a graphics processing unit (GPU).In an embodiment, a GPU may be a processor that is a specializedelectronic circuit designed to process mathematically intensiveapplications. The GPU may have a parallel structure that is efficientfor parallel processing of large blocks of data, such as mathematicallyintensive data common to computer graphics applications, images, videos,etc.

Computer system 1200 may also include a main or primary memory 1208,such as random access memory (RAM). Main memory 1208 may include one ormore levels of cache. Main memory 1208 may have stored therein controllogic (i.e., computer software) and/or data.

Computer system 1200 may also include one or more secondary storagedevices or memory 1210. Secondary memory 1210 may include, for example,a hard disk drive 1212 and/or a removable storage device or drive 1214.Removable storage drive 1214 may be a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tapedrive, a compact disk drive, an optical storage device, tape backupdevice, and/or any other storage device/drive.

Removable storage drive 1214 may interact with a removable storage unit1218.

Removable storage unit 1218 may include a computer usable or readablestorage device having stored thereon computer software (control logic)and/or data. Removable storage unit 1218 may be a floppy disk, magnetictape, compact disk, DVD, optical storage disk, and/any other computerdata storage device. Removable storage drive 1214 may read from and/orwrite to removable storage unit 1218.

Secondary memory 1210 may include other means, devices, components,instrumentalities or other approaches for allowing computer programsand/or other instructions and/or data to be accessed by computer system1200. Such means, devices, components, instrumentalities or otherapproaches may include, for example, a removable storage unit 1222 andan interface 1220. Examples of the removable storage unit 1222 and theinterface 1220 may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface(such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip(such as an EPROM or PROM) and associated socket, a memory stick and USBport, a memory card and associated memory card slot, and/or any otherremovable storage unit and associated interface.

Computer system 1200 may further include a communication or networkinterface 1224. Communication interface 1224 may enable computer system1200 to communicate and interact with any combination of externaldevices, external networks, external entities, etc. (individually andcollectively referenced by reference number 1228). For example,communication interface 1224 may allow computer system 1200 tocommunicate with external or remote devices 1228 over communicationspath 1226, which may be wired and/or wireless (or a combinationthereof), and which may include any combination of LANs, WANs, theInternet, etc. Control logic and/or data may be transmitted to and fromcomputer system 1200 via communication path 1226.

Computer system 1200 may also be any of a personal digital assistant(PDA), desktop workstation, laptop or notebook computer, netbook,tablet, smart phone, smart watch or other wearable, appliance, part ofthe Internet-of-Things, and/or embedded system, to name a fewnon-limiting examples, or any combination thereof.

Computer system 1200 may be a client or server, accessing or hosting anyapplications and/or data through any delivery paradigm, including butnot limited to remote or distributed cloud computing solutions; local oron-premises software (“on-premise” cloud-based solutions); “as aservice” models (e.g., content as a service (CaaS), digital content as aservice (DCaaS), software as a service (SaaS), managed software as aservice (MSaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), desktop as a service(DaaS), framework as a service (FaaS), backend as a service (BaaS),mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS),etc.); and/or a hybrid model including any combination of the foregoingexamples or other services or delivery paradigms.

Any applicable data structures, file formats, and schemas in computersystem 1200 may be derived from standards including but not limited toJavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Extensible Markup Language (XML), YetAnother Markup Language (YAML), Extensible Hypertext Markup Language(XHTML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), MessagePack, XML User InterfaceLanguage (XUL), or any other functionally similar representations aloneor in combination. Alternatively, proprietary data structures, formatsor schemas may be used, either exclusively or in combination with knownor open standards.

In some embodiments, a tangible, non-transitory apparatus or article ofmanufacture including a tangible, non-transitory computer useable orreadable medium having control logic (software) stored thereon may alsobe referred to herein as a computer program product or program storagedevice. This includes, but is not limited to, computer system 1200, mainmemory 1208, secondary memory 1210, and removable storage units 1218 and1222, as well as tangible articles of manufacture embodying anycombination of the foregoing. Such control logic, when executed by oneor more data processing devices (such as computer system 1200), maycause such data processing devices to operate as described herein.

Based on the teachings contained in this disclosure, it will be apparentto persons skilled in the relevant art(s) how to make and useembodiments of this disclosure using data processing devices, computersystems and/or computer architectures other than that shown in FIG. 12 .In particular, embodiments can operate with software, hardware, and/oroperating system implementations other than those described herein.

It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and notany other section, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. Othersections can set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments ascontemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limitthis disclosure or the appended claims in any way.

While this disclosure describes exemplary embodiments for exemplaryfields and applications, it should be understood that the disclosure isnot limited thereto. Other embodiments and modifications thereto arepossible, and are within the scope and spirit of this disclosure. Forexample, and without limiting the generality of this paragraph,embodiments are not limited to the software, hardware, firmware, and/orentities illustrated in the figures and/or described herein. Further,embodiments (whether or not explicitly described herein) havesignificant utility to fields and applications beyond the examplesdescribed herein.

Embodiments have been described herein with the aid of functionalbuilding blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functionsand relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional buildingblocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of thedescription. Alternate boundaries can be defined as long as thespecified functions and relationships (or equivalents thereof) areappropriately performed. Also, alternative embodiments can performfunctional blocks, steps, operations, methods, etc. using orderingsdifferent than those described herein.

References herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an exampleembodiment,” or similar phrases, indicate that the embodiment describedcan include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, butevery embodiment can not necessarily include the particular feature,structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarilyreferring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature,structure, or characteristic is described in connection with anembodiment, it would be within the knowledge of persons skilled in therelevant art(s) to incorporate such feature, structure, orcharacteristic into other embodiments whether or not explicitlymentioned or described herein. Additionally, some embodiments can bedescribed using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along withtheir derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonymsfor each other. For example, some embodiments can be described using theterms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elementsare in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term“coupled,” however, can also mean that two or more elements are not indirect contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interactwith each other.

The breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any ofthe above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: determining, by a networknode, a first area identifier (ID) associated with a first area and asecond area ID associated with a second area different from the firstarea; using, by the network node, the first area ID and the second areaID to configure the network node as a boundary node; generating, by thenetwork node, a virtual node comprising a logical Intermediate System toIntermediate System (ISIS) node; and configuring, by the network node,the virtual node based at least on one or more of the first area ID andthe second area ID, wherein the configuring the virtual node comprises:determining, by the network node, a nick-name for the virtual node basedat least on the one or more of the first area ID and the second area ID;and determining, by the network node, a system ID for the virtual nodebased at least on the nick-name.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining, by a second network node, the nick-name for thevirtual node based at least on the one or more of the first area ID andthe second area ID, wherein the second network node is configured as asecond boundary node different from the boundary node; and determining,by the second network node, the system ID for the virtual node based atleast on the nick-name.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetermining the nick-name for the virtual node comprises determining thenick-name based on the first area ID of the first area that isrepresented by the virtual node.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetermining the nick-name for the virtual node comprises determining thenick-name for the virtual node based on a plurality of least significantbits of the first area ID.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstarea ID comprises a first ISIS area ID, wherein the second area IDcomprises a second ISIS area ID, and wherein the system ID comprises anISIS system ID.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining thefirst area ID and the second area ID comprises: deriving the first areaID from a first Type-Length-Value (TLV) from the first area; andderiving the second area ID from a second TLV from the second area. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second areas are within amulti-area fabric, wherein the configuring the network node as theboundary node comprises configuring the network node as the boundarynode in a Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) fabric, and wherein the boundarynode is shared between the first and second areas of the multi-areafabric.
 8. A tangible computer-readable device having instructionsstored thereon that, when executed by a network node, cause the networknode to perform operations comprising: determining a first areaidentifier (ID) associated with a first area and a second area IDassociated with a second area different from the first area; using thefirst area ID and the second area ID to configure the network node as aboundary node; generating a virtual node comprising a logicalIntermediate System to Intermediate System (ISIS) node; and configuringthe virtual node based at least on one or more of the first area ID andthe second area ID, wherein the configuring the virtual node comprises:determining a nick-name for the virtual node based at least on the oneor more of the first area ID and the second area ID; and determining asystem ID for the virtual node based at least on the nick-name.
 9. Thecomputer-readable device of claim 8, wherein the determining thenick-name for the virtual node comprises: in response to determiningthat a length of the first area ID is less than a threshold, padding oneor more bits to the first area ID to generate the nick-name.
 10. Thecomputer-readable device of claim 8, wherein the determining thenick-name for the virtual node comprises determining the nick-name basedon the first area ID of the first area that is represented by thevirtual node.
 11. The computer-readable device of claim 8, wherein thedetermining the nick-name for the virtual node comprises determining thenick-name for the virtual node based on a plurality of least significantbits of the first area ID.
 12. The computer-readable device of claim 8,wherein the first area ID comprises a first ISIS area ID, wherein thesecond area ID comprises a second ISIS area ID, and wherein the systemID comprises an ISIS system ID.
 13. The computer-readable device ofclaim 8, wherein the determining the first area ID and the second areaID comprises: deriving the first area ID from a first Type-Length-Value(TLV) from the first area; and deriving the second area ID from a secondTLV from the second area.
 14. The computer-readable device of claim 8,wherein the first and second areas are within a multi-area fabric,wherein the configuring the network node as the boundary node comprisesconfiguring the network node as the boundary node in a Shortest PathBridging (SPB) fabric, and wherein the boundary node is shared betweenthe first and second areas of the multi-area fabric.
 15. A network node,comprising: a processor; and a memory configured to store computerexecutable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause theprocessor to: determine a first area identifier (ID) associated with afirst area and a second area ID associated with a second area; use thefirst area ID and the second area ID to configure the network node as aboundary node; generate a virtual node comprising a logical IntermediateSystem to Intermediate System (ISIS) node; and configure the virtualnode based at least on one or more of the first area ID and the secondarea ID, wherein to configure the virtual node, the processor isconfigured to: determine a nick-name for the virtual node based at leaston the one or more of the first area ID and the second area ID, whereinto determine the nick-name, the processor is configured to pad one ormore bits to the first area ID to generate the nick-name in response todetermining that a length of the first area ID is less than a threshold;and determine a system ID for the virtual node based at least on thenick-name.
 16. The network node of claim 15, wherein to determine thenick-name for the virtual node, the processor is configured to determinethe nick-name based on the first area ID of the first area that isrepresented by the virtual node.
 17. The network node of claim 15,wherein to determine the nick-name for the virtual node, the processoris configured to determine the nick-name for the virtual node based on aplurality of least significant bits of the first area ID.
 18. Thenetwork node of claim 15, wherein the first area ID comprises a firstISIS area ID, wherein the second area ID comprises a second ISIS areaID, and wherein the system ID comprises an ISIS system ID.
 19. Thenetwork node of claim 15, wherein to determine the first area ID and thesecond area ID, the processor is configured to: derive the first area IDfrom a first Type-Length-Value (TLV) from the first area; and derive thesecond area ID from a second TLV from the second area.